![Jinego Elementary School nurses office back](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Jinego_Elementary_School_nurses_office_back.jpg)
School nursing, a specialized practice of public health
nursing
Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health ...
, protects and promotes
student
A student is a person enrolled in a school or other educational institution.
In the United Kingdom and most commonwealth countries, a "student" attends a secondary school or higher (e.g., college or university); those in primary or elementar ...
health, facilitates normal development, and advances academic success. School nurses, grounded in ethical and evidence-based practice, bridge the gap between health care and education, provide care coordination, advocate for quality student-centered care, and collaborate to design systems that allow individuals and communities to develop their full potentials.
A school nurse works with school-aged children in the educational setting. Students experiencing illness or injury during the school day often report to the school nurse for assessment. Administering routine medications, caring for a child with a virus, or stabilizing a child until emergency services arrive after a more serious injury may all be a part of the job requirements. School nurses are well positioned to take the lead for the school system in partnering with school physicians, community physicians, and community organizations. They facilitate access to Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program to help families and students enroll in state health insurance programs and may assist in finding a medical home for each student who needs one.
United States
According to the
National Association of School Nurses
The National Association of School Nurses (NASN) is an American organization that releases guidance on the role of school nursing and recommends minimum standards for the profession. It develops education programs for its members, publishes positi ...
, there are approximately 61,232–73,697 registered nurses (RNs) working in elementary and secondary schools (K-12) in the United States depending on the survey sample (- need these references: HRSA, 2010; ACS, 2013), which represents between 2.1 and 2.8% of registered nurses in the United States. According to the
American Federation of Teachers
The American Federation of Teachers (AFT) is the second largest teacher's labor union in America (the largest being the National Education Association). The union was founded in Chicago. John Dewey and Margaret Haley were founders.
About 60 per ...
, there are approximately 45,000 school nurses employed in the United States. About 63% of public school districts employ a full-time school nurse, while a further 19% have a part-time nurse and 18% have no nurse. School nurses are often the only
health professional
A health professional, healthcare professional, or healthcare worker (sometimes abbreviated HCW) is a provider of health care treatment and advice based on formal training and experience. The field includes those who work as a nurse, physician (suc ...
serving students in an educational setting. As such they have a great responsibility in promoting important health initiatives in schools across America such as making sure that there are AEDs on school campuses and that staff are taught on how to use them. Sudden cardiac arrest is common amongst school aged children and adolescents resulting in <1 to 10 deaths/100,000 population per year.
[(Boudreaux & Broussard, 2020)] This is thought to be in part due to the fact that inherited and acquired cardiomyopathies, arrhythmia syndromes, structural congenital heart defects, myocarditis, and coronary abnormalities that may be present in this age group may not be detected during routine sports physicals.
"Since strenuous exercise can trigger deadly arrhythmias in these students, the first and potentially last symptom
f undiagnosed cardiac abnormalitiesis sudden cardiac arrest".
School nurses must use evidence-based practice, implement prevention programs, and properly manage student medical issues in order to improve student health. For students with acute and chronic health problems, the school nurse will collaborate with the student's physicians and parents to create a health plan that accommodates the student while at school.
The school nurse must be competent in management of pediatric health issues such as seizures, asthma, diabetes, and allergies.
In addition to nursing skills, the school nurse must possess excellent organizational and communication skills in order to succeed.
School nurses play a vital role in the reduction of absenteeism by promoting healthy practices among students and staff.
School nurses have the potential to have a positive effect on their young students. Previous studies have addressed their role as helping families address health needs, decrease the amount of absent days from school, and helping them advance academically (Yoder, 2019).
Across the United States, the school nurse's role and workload varies, so that has an effect on whether or they are able to properly address their student's needs (National Association or School Nurses, 2016; Yoder 2019).
The presence of a school nurse varies among regions in the United States. According to Willgerodt et al., most schools on the west coast work part-time and have a higher load of students to care for versus some regions that don't have a nurse in the school (2018).
Notable school nurses
*Annie McKay, first school nurse in Massachusetts, 1905
*Lina Rogers Struthers, first school nurse in the United States, in New York City, 1902
United Kingdom
![Country School- Everyday Life at Baldock County Council School, Baldock, Hertfordshire, England, UK, 1944 D20562](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Country_School-_Everyday_Life_at_Baldock_County_Council_School%2C_Baldock%2C_Hertfordshire%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1944_D20562.jpg)
In 1892
Amy Hughes was working in
Bloomsbury Square
Bloomsbury Square is a garden square in Bloomsbury, in the London Borough of Camden, London. Developed in the late 17th century, it was initially known as Southampton Square and was one of the earliest London squares. By the early 19th century, Be ...
as the Superintendent of Queen's Nurses. She was asked to visit a local elementary school to advise about nutrition. Hughes was surprised to find that the students were suffering with minor ailments that was contributing to school days lost to sickness. Hughes would in time arrange for Queen's nurses to visit schools. She is credited with being the first school nurse in the United Kingdom.
The statutory provision of school nursing in all schools in the United Kingdom arose out of the
Boer War
The Second Boer War ( af, Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, the Anglo–Boer War, or the South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer Republics (the Sou ...
. A large proportion of army volunteers - between 40% and 60% - had been found to be medically unfit for service, so in 1903, the government set up the
Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration to study the causes. In 1904 the committee reported back, saying that there was no general health problem, but treatable conditions had been left untreated, meaning that the conditions had worsened to the extent that they became debilitating. The committee recommended that:
*children have medical inspections in schools
*
free school meals
A school meal or school lunch (also known as hot lunch, a school dinner, or school breakfast) is a meal provided to students and sometimes teachers at a school, typically in the middle or beginning of the school day. Countries around the world ...
be provided to children from extremely poor families
*mothers be trained in
child upbringing
A child ( : children) is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. The legal definition of ''child'' generally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younger ...
The government reacted first by passing the 1906 Provision of School Meals Act, which allowed (but did not compel) local authorities to provide school meals, at no cost to the poor, and to raise a tax to pay for this. Then the 1907 Education Act was passed, which established a team of school nurses at every local authority. This was accompanied by the 1907 Medical Inspections Act, which required local authorities to ensure that each child received a total of at least three medical inspections during their time at school. Although the act established clinics within schools to treat anything discovered, parents were expected to pay for the treatment themselves; after 1912 the government made small contributions towards the cost.
In modern times, school nurses are comparable to
health visitors, but specialise in a school setting, rather than a domestic one. As such they normally take over public health responsibilities for children, from health visitors, once the children are over 5 and start attending school. Like health visitors, they monitor child development, and deliver certain vaccination programmes, as well as instigating the child safeguarding process when they suspect a child is being abused or neglected. Given their physical setting, they are also often called upon to provide first aid, and it is for this that they are most familiar to children.
In the mid to late 20th century, school nurses were often familiar to children as the ''nit nurse'' - a specialist nurse who inspects children's head hair for
lice
Louse ( : lice) is the common name for any member of the clade Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera has variously been recognized as an order, infraorder, or a parvorder, as a result o ...
, and lice-eggs (colloquially known as ''nits''). In 1947, 8% of school children had lice infections, but the use of ''nit nurse''s had managed to reduce that to 3% within a decade. Skin infections of any kind, which were once common, had become a rare phenomena by the end of the century, except those which affect the soles of the feet. Under the
Blair ministry, ''nit nursing'' came to be seen as not being clinically cost-effective, and nit nursing was gradually withdrawn from schools.
Following the
Cameron ministry's reorganisation of the
National Health Service
The National Health Service (NHS) is the umbrella term for the publicly funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom (UK). Since 1948, they have been funded out of general taxation. There are three systems which are referred to using the " ...
, school nurses fall under the general aegis of
Public Health England
Public Health England (PHE) was an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care in England which began operating on 1 April 2013 to protect and improve health and wellbeing and reduce health inequalities. Its formation came as a ...
, but are locally commissioned by
local authorities
Local government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of public administration within a particular sovereign state. This particular usage of the word government refers specifically to a level of administration that is both geographically-loca ...
, who now hold local responsibility for public health. To become qualified registered school nurses, ordinary nurses undertake additional training as specialist community public health practitioners. They are regulated by the
Nursing and Midwifery Council
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) is the regulator for nursing and midwifery professions in the UK. The NMC maintains a register of all nurses, midwives and specialist community public health nurses and nursing associates eligible to pra ...
.
Impact of school nursing on student achievement
Children who have chronic illnesses or live below the poverty line are more likely to end up dropping out of school. Two separate studies performed in 2017 looked at the way asthma medications were being managed in schools and found that nurses who assisted in daily corticosteroid usage resulted in less absences by children with asthma. Nurses in schools have the unique ability to create relationships with patients who they get to see frequently. Children spend nearly 40 hours a week in a school setting and need their health needs met just the same as if they are at home. If a child is able to receive their appropriate medications and services at school then they will be less likely to stay home and therefore achieve more academically then if their school lacks nursing services.
The future of school nursing
School nursing in the future is challenged to accept leaders responsibilities in shaping, developing, and implementing policies that affects schools and communities. Becoming part of school boards, public health departments, and community organizations, school nursing can affect change and highlight the impact of social determinants on health because, school nursing is where the effects of environments, school funding, and chronic health conditions on the health and education of children can be seen.
According to the National Center for Education Statistics (2016),
98% of all school-aged children attend school each day. Therefore, health policies and health systems that affect these children, families, and communities must be changed on the school nursing and community nursing level.
School nursing is an area of community health nursing where health initiatives can be implemented and policy change can happen on local, state, and national levels.
See also
*
College health
College health is a desired outcome created by a constellation of services, programs and policies directed at advancing the health and wellbeing of individuals enrolled in an institution of higher education, while also addressing and improving bot ...
Footnotes
Further reading
* ''School Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice (2011). American Nurses Association and National Association of School Nurses. Silver Springs, MD: nursesbooks.org, the publishing program of ANA.''
* Richard A. Meckel, ''Classroom and Clinics: Urban Schools and the Protection and Promotion of Child Health, 1870–1930.'' New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013.
External links
National Association of School NursesAmerican Federation of Teachers: School Nurses
{{Authority control
Community nursing
Education and training occupations
Nursing
Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health ...