parrotfish
Parrotfishes are a group of about 90 fish species regarded as a Family (biology), family (Scaridae), or a subfamily (Scarinae) of the wrasses. With about 95 species, this group's largest species richness is in the Indo-Pacific. They are found ...
es. With 52 currently recognised
extant
Extant is the opposite of the word extinct. It may refer to:
* Extant hereditary titles
* Extant literature, surviving literature, such as ''Beowulf'', the oldest extant manuscript written in English
* Extant taxon, a taxon which is not extinct, ...
species,Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds ''Scarus''. FishBase. 2013. it is by far the largest genus in this family. The vast majority are found at
reefs
A reef is a ridge or shoal of rock, coral or similar relatively stable material, lying beneath the surface of a natural body of water. Many reefs result from natural, abiotic processes— deposition of sand, wave erosion planing down rock out ...
in the
Indo-Pacific
The Indo-Pacific is a vast biogeographic region of Earth.
In a narrow sense, sometimes known as the Indo-West Pacific or Indo-Pacific Asia, it comprises the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the ...
, but a small number of species are found in the warmer parts of the eastern Pacific and the western
Atlantic
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe an ...
, with a single species, ''Scarus hoefleri'' in the eastern Atlantic. Most are very colourful, and have strikingly different initial (males and females) and terminal (males only) phases. Adults of most species reach maximum lengths of between , but the rainbow parrotfish (''Scarus guacamaia'') can grow to lengths of .
Species
There are currently 52 recognised species in this genus:
*'' Scarus altipinnis'' (
Steindachner
Franz Steindachner (11 November 1834 in Vienna – 10 December 1919 in Vienna) was an Austrian zoologist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. He published over 200 papers on fishes and over 50 papers on reptiles and amphibians. Steindachner describ ...
, 1879) (filament-finned parrotfish)
*''
Scarus arabicus
''Scarus'' is a genus of parrotfishes. With 52 currently recognised extant species,Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds''Scarus''.FishBase. 2013. it is by far the largest genus in this family. The vast majority are found at reefs in the Indo-Pacific, bu ...
Scarus collana
''Scarus'' is a genus of parrotfishes. With 52 currently recognised extant species,Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds''Scarus''.FishBase. 2013. it is by far the largest genus in this family. The vast majority are found at reefs in the Indo-Pacific, bu ...
Scarus compressus
''Scarus'' is a genus of parrotfishes. With 52 currently recognised extant species,Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds''Scarus''.FishBase. 2013. it is by far the largest genus in this family. The vast majority are found at reefs in the Indo-Pacific, bu ...
Nichols Nichols may refer to:
People
*Nichols (surname)
*Nichol, a surname
Places Canada
* Nichols Islands, Nunavut
United States
* Nichols, California, an unincorporated community
* Nichols Canyon, Los Angeles, California
* Nichols, Connecticut
* Nic ...
Bleeker Bleeker is a Dutch occupational surname. Bleeker is an old spelling of ''(linnen)bleker'' ("linen bleacher").Scarus dubius'' (
Bennett Bennett may refer to:
People
*Bennett (name), including a list of people with the surname and given name
Places Canada
* Bennett, Alberta
*Bennett, British Columbia
* Bennett Lake, in the British Columbia and Yukon Territory
**Bennett Range
**Benn ...
Scarus flavipectoralis
''Scarus flavipectoralis'', the yellow-fin parrotfish, also known as the king parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish in the Family (biology), family Scaridae. It is found in the western Central Pacific from the Philippin ...
Scarus forsteni
''Scarus forsteni'', commonly known as the whitespot parrotfish, or Forsten's parrotfish, is a marine fish native to tropical areas in the western Pacific Ocean, where it lives in coral reefs
A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem charact ...
'' (
Bleeker Bleeker is a Dutch occupational surname. Bleeker is an old spelling of ''(linnen)bleker'' ("linen bleacher").Scarus frenatus
''Scarus frenatus'' is a species of parrotfish. Common names include bridled parrotfish, sixband or six-banded parrotfish or vermiculate parrotfish.
Description
This species grows to a maximum length of 47 cm, and can be distinguished by it ...
Myers
Myers as a surname has several possible origins, e.g. Old French ("physician"), Old English ("mayor"), and Old Norse ("marsh").
People
*Abram F. Myers (born 1889), chair of the Federal Trade Commission and later general counsel and board chai ...
Scarus ghobban
''Scarus ghobban'', also known as the blue-barred parrotfish, blue trim parrotfish, cream parrotfish, globe-headed parrotfish, green blotched parrotfish, yellow scale parrotfish, and bluechin parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish in t ...
Cuvier
Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier (; 23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology". Cuvier was a major figure in nat ...
Bloch Bloch is a surname of German origin. Notable people with this surname include:
A–F
* (1859-1914), French rabbi
*Adele Bloch-Bauer (1881-1925), Austrian entrepreneur
*Albert Bloch (1882–1961), American painter
* (born 1972), German motor journal ...
Scarus niger
''Scarus niger'', common names the swarthy parrotfish, dusky parrotfish, and black parrotfish, is a species of parrotfish. It is in the phylum Chordate, Chordata, class Actinopterygii, and family Parrotfish, Scaridae. Like other members of its fam ...
Temminck
Coenraad Jacob Temminck (; 31 March 1778 – 30 January 1858) was a Dutch aristocrat, zoologist and museum director.
Biography
Coenraad Jacob Temminck was born on 31 March 1778 in Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic. From his father, Jacob Temmin ...
&
Schlegel
Schlegel is a German occupational surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anthony Schlegel (born 1981), former American football linebacker
* August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845), German poet, older brother of Friedrich
* Brad Schlege ...
Jordan
Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Rive ...
&
Gilbert Gilbert may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Gilbert (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
*Gilbert (surname), including a list of people
Places Australia
* Gilbert River (Queensland)
* Gilbert River (South ...
, 1882 (bumphead parrotfish)
*''
Scarus persicus
''Scarus'' is a genus of parrotfishes. With 52 currently recognised Extant taxon, extant species,Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds''Scarus''.FishBase. 2013. it is by far the largest genus in this family. The vast majority are found at coral reef, ree ...
Lesson
A lesson or class is a structured period of time where learning is intended to occur. It involves one or more students (also called pupils or learners in some circumstances) being taught by a teacher or instructor. A lesson may be either one ...
, 1829 (princess parrotfish)
*''
Scarus tricolor
''Scarus tricolor'', also known as the tri-colour parrotfish or three-coloured parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution.
Description
''Scarus tricolor'' is ...
'' Bleeker, 1847 (tricolour parrotfish)
*''
Scarus trispinosus
''Scarus'' is a genus of parrotfishes. With 52 currently recognised Extant taxon, extant species,Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds''Scarus''.FishBase. 2013. it is by far the largest genus in this family. The vast majority are found at coral reef, ree ...
'' Valenciennes, 1840 (greenback parrotfish)
*''
Scarus vetula
The queen parrotfish (''Scarus vetula'') is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It is found on reefs in the tropical West Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Other common names include blownose, blue chu ...
J.L.B. Smith
James Leonard Brierley Smith (26 September 1897 – 8 January 1968) was a South African ichthyologist, organic chemist, and university professor. He was the first to identify a taxidermied fish as a coelacanth, at the time thought to be long e ...
, 1956 (roundhead parrotfish)
*''
Scarus xanthopleura
''Scarus'' is a genus of parrotfishes. With 52 currently recognised Extant taxon, extant species,Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds''Scarus''.FishBase. 2013. it is by far the largest genus in this family. The vast majority are found at coral reef, ree ...
'' Bleeker, 1853 (red parrotfish)
*''
Scarus zelindae
''Scarus zelindae'' is a species of fish of the Scaridae family in the order Perciformes.
Morphology
Males can reach 33.2 cm in total length.
Geographical distribution
It is endemic to Brazil.
References
Bibliography
* Fenner ...
Scarus zufar
''Scarus zufar'', also known as Dhofar parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It is found along the central to southern coastal waters of Oman. S''. zufar'' was first identified in 1995.
Des ...
Cesare Ripa
Cesare Ripa (c. 1555, Perugia – Rome) was an Italian iconographer who worked for Cardinal Anton Maria Salviati as a cook and butler.
Life
Little is known about his life. He was born of humble origin in Perugia about 1555. The exact date of ...
's Renaissance iconography, the ''scarus'' fish symbolised civil "Union," i.e. the joining together of individuals into a collective body.
Plutarch
Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his ''P ...
had written that ''scarus'' fish "swim together in shoals and ingeniously and heroically free each other when caught in a net." The ''scarus'' thus "denoted reciprocal assistance in the fight for survival."Hont, I. ''Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective''. Harvard UP: 2005, pp. 21-22.