Saro W-14 Skeeter
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The Saunders-Roe Skeeter was a two-seat training and scout helicopter that was developed and produced by British manufacturer Saunders-Roe ("Saro") of
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and Southampton, in the United Kingdom. Work on what would become the Skeeter had been commenced by the
Cierva Autogiro Company The Cierva Autogiro Company was a British firm established in 1926 to develop the autogyro. The company was set up to further the designs of Juan de la Cierva, a Spanish engineer and pilot, with the financial backing of James George Weir, a Scotti ...
as the Cierva W.14. Following Saunders-Roe's takeover of Cierva's helicopter development contracts, it was decided to continue its projects, including the Skeeter. Despite an initial preference for the rival Fairey Ultra-light Helicopter, which had already been ordered, there was a reversal of fortune with interest from the Bundeswehr in the potential procurement of a large number of Skeeters. This led to the British order for the Ultra-light Helicopter being cancelled and the Skeeter effectively taking its place, which also served to guarantee an export order from Germany. During the late 1950s, the Skeeter entered service with the British Army Air Corps, the German Navy, and the
German Army The German Army (, "army") is the land component of the armed forces of Germany. The present-day German Army was founded in 1955 as part of the newly formed West German ''Bundeswehr'' together with the ''Marine'' (German Navy) and the ''Luftwaf ...
. It has the distinction of being the first helicopter to be used by the Army Air Corps. While some consideration had been made to developing a version of the Skeeter powered by a turbine engine instead of a
piston engine A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is typically a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common featu ...
, it was decided to produce the developmental
Saro P.531 The Saro P.531 (or Saunders-Roe P.531) is a British all-metal five-seat helicopter designed and built by Saunders-Roe, Saunders-Roe Limited (Saro). Development Design of the P.531Jackson 1974, p 295 and 329 was started in November 1957 as a p ...
for this purpose instead of a more direct Skeeter derivative.


Development


Origins

In 1947, the
Cierva Autogiro Company The Cierva Autogiro Company was a British firm established in 1926 to develop the autogyro. The company was set up to further the designs of Juan de la Cierva, a Spanish engineer and pilot, with the financial backing of James George Weir, a Scotti ...
commenced work on a new project, which was designated as the ''W.14 Skeeter''. As designed, it was a relatively compact two-seat helicopter, intended to be suitable for use as both a civilian aircraft and for aerial observation duties with military customers. The original engine selected to power the Skeeter was a single 110 hp Jameson FF-1 air-cooled horizontally-opposed
piston engine A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is typically a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common featu ...
. On 10 October 1948, the first prototype Skeeter performed its maiden flight at Eastleigh airfield. Initial flight trials of the prototype proved the rotorcraft to be underpowered, which was partially as a result of the experimental Jameson engine being prone to overheating. In response, the company decided to develop an improved Mark 2 Skeeter which was to be equipped with the well-established de Havilland Gipsy Major 10, which provided 145 hp (108 kW).London 1988, p. 239. The Mark 2 Skeeter was a noticeably larger aircraft and had a different appearance. On 20 October 1949, the larger Skeeter Mark 2 performed its first flight. Powered tests using the rotorcraft soon made it apparent that the Mark 2 suffered from severe ground resonance problems. Cierva found it difficult to resolve these issues; on 26 June 1950, the Skeeter Mark 2 was destroyed during ground testing. Despite these problems, Cierva had received an order from the British
Ministry of Supply The Ministry of Supply (MoS) was a department of the UK government formed in 1939 to co-ordinate the supply of equipment to all three British armed forces, headed by the Minister of Supply. A separate ministry, however, was responsible for aircr ...
for three improved Skeeters, a pair of Mark 3s and a single Mark 4, for evaluation purposes by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and Royal Navy.London ''Air Enthusiast'' 1994, p. 3. Prior to the completion of any of these three rotorcraft, rival manufacturer Saunders-Roe completed its take over of Cierva's helicopter development contracts and took control of its facilities and development programmes in January 1951. During March 1953, the Blackburn Bombardier-engined Skeeter Mark 3B was transferred to the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE). Subsequent testing showed that these aircraft continued to be underpowered and that the previously encountered ground resonance problems had yet to be properly resolved; these failings were cited as the reason for official support for the rotorcraft being suspended. In response to the suspension, Saunders-Roe chose to undertake a lengthy series of company-funded tests, which involved the use of a specially-built rig as well as more theoretical work being performed, for the purpose of identifying both the causes of and solutions to the resonance issue.London 1988, pp. 239–242.


Competition and reversal of fate

During the early 1950s, the British Army became highly interested in the potential use of compact helicopters in the observation and aerial observation roles.Wood 1975, p. 111. In 1953, there was a requirement issued by the British
Ministry of Supply The Ministry of Supply (MoS) was a department of the UK government formed in 1939 to co-ordinate the supply of equipment to all three British armed forces, headed by the Minister of Supply. A separate ministry, however, was responsible for aircr ...
which sought for a low-cost two-seat helicopter, which would be suitable for reconnaissance, casualty evacuation and training duties. This specification was considered to be quite demanding, calling for it to be capable of high speeds and quick climb rates even under tropical conditions. The rotorcraft was also required to be transportable on the back of a standard Army three-ton truck, constricting the dimensions of the prospective vehicle considerably. Further requirements for the prospective light helicopter included a flight endurance of one hour along with the potential for carrying light cargos such as fuel and tools as well as stretcher-bound wounded troops. An initial request for a rear-facing observer's seat was present early on, but was discarded in later revisions. At this time, newly developed gas turbines were beginning to appeal both to helicopter designers and to prospective operators, the British Army made the use of such an engine one of its requirements. A diverse range of entries were submitted in response to the issuing of the requirement; amongst these were Fairey Aviation with its Ultra-light Helicopter which harnessed tip jet propulsion, Saunders-Roe with a smaller version of the Skeeter, the
Bristol Aeroplane Company The Bristol Aeroplane Company, originally the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company, was both one of the first and one of the most important British aviation companies, designing and manufacturing both airframes and aircraft engines. Notable a ...
's proposed ''Type 190'', a ducted rotor proposal by
Percival Aircraft Hunting Aircraft was a British aircraft manufacturer that produced light training aircraft and the initial design that would evolve into the BAC 1-11 jet airliner. Founded as Percival Aircraft Co. in 1933, the company later moved to Luton, UK. ...
, Short Brothers proposed the larger
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, and a
ram jet A ramjet, or athodyd (aero thermodynamic duct), is a form of airbreathing jet engine that uses the forward motion of the engine to produce thrust. Since it produces no thrust when stationary (no ram air) ramjet-powered vehicles require an ass ...
-powered proposal by Austrian-born helicopter pioneer
Raoul Hafner Raoul Hafner, (1905–1980) FEng, FRAes, was an Austrian-born British helicopter pioneer and engineer. He made a distinctive contribution to the British aerospace industry, particularly in the development of helicopters. Life Born in 1905, he ...
.Wood 1975, pp. 111–112. In response to the detailed design submission that Fairey had produced for their proposal, the Ministry decided to award the firm a contract to produce a total of four development aircraft for demonstration and flight testing purposes; the company later decided to construct a further two more rotorcraft as a private venture. Meanwhile, a solution for the Skeeter's troublesome resonance issue had been developed, which involved the adoption of a redesigned undercarriage and the fitting of revised blade friction dampers on the rotor head. These improvements allowed Saunders-Roe to finally demonstrate that the ground resonance problems had been fixed when the Skeeter Mark 5 underwent testing by the A&AEE in March 1954.''Flight'' 1956, p. 355. The resolution of the issue served to reignite official interest in the rotorcraft, quickly leading to a smaller order being placed for four Skeeter Mark 6s, each equipped with 200 hp (149 kW) Gipsy Major 200 engines (designated as ''AOP.10'' and ''T.11'' by the British armed forces), for evaluation purposes. It was around this point that the British Army became more focused on the Skeeter and the addressing of its shortcomings, while the Fairey Ultra-light fell out of favour.Wood 1975, p. 115. According to aviation author Derek Wood, the Skeeter had benefitted from a favourable early impression of the type that had been made upon some West German officials; the rotorcraft had attracted the offer of a sizable military order from the German government, however, the placing of the order was on the condition that the Skeeter was in turn adopted by the British armed forces as well. Thus, the decision was taken in Whitehall to concentrate its efforts on the Skeeter, which effectively meant the abandonment of the Ministry requirement that the rival Fairey Ultra-light had been being developed towards fulfilling. In 1956, Saunders-Roe finally received production orders for 64 AOP.12s, each powered by a215 hp (160 kW) engine; production deliveries of the Skeeter commenced in 1958.London 1988, pp. 245–249.London ''Air Enthusiast'' 1994, pp. 4–5.


Design

The Saunders-Roe Skeeter is a light all-metal, two-seat single-rotor helicopter, complete with a tail rotor for torque compensation and yaw control.''Flight'' 1956, p. 356. It was intended to perform as an all-purpose rotorcraft, primarily being used for light civil work as well as aerial observation and training missions in military service. The handling characteristics were broadly similar to comparably-sized rotorcraft of the era, while possessing the necessary simplicity, robustness, and reliability that commonly typified trainer aircraft. The Skeeter possessed a relatively conventional configuration for a helicopter, being powered by a single
piston engine A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is typically a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common featu ...
which drove a 29-foot (8.84 metre) three-bladed main rotor and a three-bladed anti-torque rotor, which was mounted at the end of a triangular-section tailboom. The main rotor-blades made use of a composite construction, using a steel-tube spar that was bonded to wooden
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s, formers, and
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s, as well as brass balance-weights; these reportedly delivered a cost-effective and relatively simplistic rotor blade that also possessed favourable
fatigue Fatigue describes a state of tiredness that does not resolve with rest or sleep. In general usage, fatigue is synonymous with extreme tiredness or exhaustion that normally follows prolonged physical or mental activity. When it does not resolve ...
properties. Saunders-Roe also developed a replacement metal light alloy rotor blade that possessed superior aerodynamic properties and provided increased performance. A fixed tricycle undercarriage arrangement, complete with interchangeable wheels and brake units, was also present.London 1988, pp. 237, 239.''Flight'' 21 October 1948, pp. 477–478. The Skeeter's crew of two were housed within an enclosed glazed perspex canopy, complete with removable doors. The design of the cabin had been heavily shaped by the requirement for the Skeeter to be suited to the air observation post (AOP) role that the type had been heavily marketed towards. The nose structure of the Skeeter bore the weight of the rotorcraft's equipment, payload, and crew in addition to the inertial forces present during manoeuvring and landing loads from the nose wheel. The light-alloy structure contained control access panels in the floor and a
battery Battery most often refers to: * Electric battery, a device that provides electrical power * Battery (crime), a crime involving unlawful physical contact Battery may also refer to: Energy source *Automotive battery, a device to provide power t ...
unit within the nose itself.''Flight'' 1956, p. 357. Directly behind the cockpit and underneath the main rotor was the rotorcraft's engine and its nylon bag-type fuel tank, which was housed within a welded tubular steel framework attached to the cockpit structure and to the tailboom. Power was directed to the tail rotor via a torque shaft contained within the tail cone, which featured gearing so that pilots could readily adjust the speed and direction of tail rotor movement. The engine was provided with cooling air via an intake on the centre of the starboard side of the rotorcraft; for improved ventilation, the cowling around the engine area could be entirely removed. The de Havilland Gipsy Major that was used to power the majority of Skeeters was credited with being a major contributor to the rotorcraft's relatively high fuel efficiency due to its use of
fuel injector Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of an injector. This article focuses on fuel injection in reciprocating piston and Wankel rotary engines. All comp ...
s (the high aerodynamic efficiency of the airframe itself was another beneficial factor).''Flight'' 1956, pp. 356–357.


Rocket-boosted rotor

With the limited power of the Gipsy Major, means of boosting power were investigated, including a de Havilland developed turbo-supercharger. As an alternative to the turbocharger, a rocket powered rotor boost system was developed by D. Napier & Son, fuelled by High Test Peroxide (HTP) decomposed at blade tip nozzles by contact with a catalyst. The
Napier N.R.E. 19 Napier may refer to: People * Napier (surname), including a list of people with that name * Napier baronets, five baronetcies and lists of the title holders Given name * Napier Shaw (1854–1945), British meteorologist * Napier Waller (1893–19 ...
system was fitted to two Skeeter 6 helicopters (''G-AMTZ'' and ''G-ANMI''), re-designated as Skeeter 6 (mod) when modified. The rocket system consisted of a hemispherical HTP tank on the top of the rotor head and pipes running through the blades to catalyst chambers and rocket nozzles at each blade tip. Total thrust was thrust for 15 minutes, at a total HTP consumption rate of , boosting rotor power by and increasing vertical climb rate considerably . Total weight of the system was under . Flight trials proved the system to work as advertised but it was rejected due to the logistical problems involved with HTP in peace-time and particularly during military action.


Operational history

The British Army ordered 64 Skeeter 6's, to be designated as the Skeeter AOP.12 (Air Observation Post - artillery direction & control), and the Skeeter finally entered service in October 1956. Several Skeeter AOP.12s were operated by the Central Flying School of the Royal Air Force. With the merger of the helicopter activities of the British
Bristol Aeroplane Company The Bristol Aeroplane Company, originally the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company, was both one of the first and one of the most important British aviation companies, designing and manufacturing both airframes and aircraft engines. Notable a ...
, Fairey and Saro with Westland Aircraft in 1960, plans to develop a turbine powered version were abandoned – although this knowledge was used in the development of the Westland Scout and Westland Wasp through to the P.531, which had been based on the Skeeter's airframe.


Variants

;Cierva W.14 Skeeter 1 :Original design, first flown on 8 October 1948, powered by a Jameson FF-1 engine. It had a triangular cross-section to its tail-boom. Only one was built. ;Cierva W.14 Skeeter 2 :First flew in 1949. Powered by Gipsy engine. Suffered badly from ground resonance and eventually shook itself apart. This version had a circular-section tail-boom, as did all future versions. Only one was built. ;Skeeter 3 :Also with de Havilland Gipsy engine. Mark 3B powered by Blackburn Cirrus Bombardier engine. :Two were produced. No orders were placed by the British Army. ;Skeeter 4 :Version for the Royal Navy, was rejected. Similar to Skeeter 2 and 3. Only one was produced. Built at same time as Mark 3B. ;Skeeter 5 :Similar to other earlier Skeeters. Only one was produced. ;Skeeter 6 :Three prototypes were procured. One was the Mark 5 rebuilt with the Gipsy Major 201 fuel-injection engine for gaining Certificate of Airworthiness. ;Skeeter 6 (mod) :Two Skeeter 6 helicopters, (''G-AMTZ'' and ''G-ANMI''), modified with a High Test Peroxide fuelled
Napier N.R.E. 19 Napier may refer to: People * Napier (surname), including a list of people with that name * Napier baronets, five baronetcies and lists of the title holders Given name * Napier Shaw (1854–1945), British meteorologist * Napier Waller (1893–19 ...
rocket rotor boost system. ;;Skeeter AOP.10 :Three preproduction evaluation aircraft built for the British Army ;;Skeeter T.11 :One dual-control trainer was built for the Royal Air Force ;Skeeter 7 :Had Gipsy Major 150 engine. This was the most successful Skeeter. 64 were built and acquired by the British Army Air Corps. ;;Skeeter AOP.12 :Air Observation Post helicopter for the British Army Air Corps and training helicopter for the Royal Air Force. ;;Skeeter T.13 :Training version for the RAF. The Skeeter T.13s were used to train army helicopter instructors. ;Skeeter 8 :Commercial version similar to Skeeter 7, with Gipsy Major. Only single example completed, with two more abandoned incomplete.London 1988, p. 246. ;Skeeter Mk.50 :Export version of the Skeeter 7 for the German Army Aviation Corps. Six were ordered and exported.London 1988, p. 252. ;Skeeter Mk.51 :Export version of the Skeeter 7 for the German Navy. Four were ordered and exported.


Operators

; *
German Army The German Army (, "army") is the land component of the armed forces of Germany. The present-day German Army was founded in 1955 as part of the newly formed West German ''Bundeswehr'' together with the ''Marine'' (German Navy) and the ''Luftwaf ...
* German Navy ; * Army Air Corps * Royal Air Force ; *
Portuguese Air Force , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = 1 July , equipment = , equipment_label ...

Six Skeeter Mk.50 and four Skeeter Mk.51 acquired from the German Army Aviation Corps and German Navy, respectively. These non-airworthy examples were delivered in July 1961 and were stored at
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; due to lacking spare parts their rebuild was eventually cancelled and they were sold.


Surviving aircraft

;Germany * XN348 – Skeeter AOP.12 on static display at the Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg in Bückeburg, Lower Saxony. ;Poland * XL767 – Skeeter AOP.12 on static display at the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków, Lesser Poland. ;United Kingdom * XL739 – Skeeter AOP.12 on static display at the
Norfolk Tank Museum The Norfolk Tank Museum (previously Turrets and Tracks) is a collection of armoured fighting vehicles in Norfolk, East England. It is located just outside the village of Forncett St. Peter and south of the City of Norwich. The collection is mad ...
in Forncett, Norfolk. * XL762 – Skeeter AOP.12 in storage at the
National Museum of Flight The National Museum of Flight is Scotland's national aviation museum, at East Fortune Airfield, just south of the village of East Fortune, Scotland. It is one of the museums within National Museums Scotland. The museum is housed in the original ...
in East Fortune, East Lothian. * XL764 – Skeeter AOP.12 on static display at Newark Air Museum in
Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire Newark-on-Trent or Newark () is a market town and civil parish in the Newark and Sherwood district in Nottinghamshire, England. It is on the River Trent, and was historically a major inland port. The A1 road bypasses the town on the line of th ...
. * XL770 – Skeeter AOP.12 on static display at the
Solent Sky Museum Solent Sky is an aviation museum in Southampton, Hampshire, previously known as Southampton Hall of Aviation. It depicts the history of aviation in Southampton, the Solent area and Hampshire. There is special focus on the Supermarine aircra ...
in
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. * XL811 – Skeeter AOP.12 on static display at The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare, North Somerset. * XL813 – Skeeter AOP.12 on static display at the
Army Flying Museum The Army Flying Museum, previously known as the Museum of Army Flying, is a British military aviation museum about the history of flying in the British Army. It is located beside the Army Air Corps Centre in Middle Wallop, close to Andover in ...
in Middle Wallop, Hampshire. * XM553 – Skeeter AOP.12 on static display at the
Yorkshire Air Museum The Yorkshire Air Museum & Allied Air Forces Memorial is an aviation museum in Elvington, York on the site of the former RAF Elvington airfield, a Second World War RAF Bomber Command station. The museum was founded, and first opened to the pub ...
in Elvington, York. * XM555 – Skeeter AOP.12 on static display at the
North East Land, Sea and Air Museums The North East Land, Sea and Air Museums (NELSAM), formerly the North East Aircraft Museum, is a volunteer-run aviation museum situated on the site of the former RAF Usworth/Sunderland Airport, between Washington and Sunderland, in Tyne and Wear ...
in
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. * XN344 – Skeeter AOP.12 on static display at the
Science Museum, London The Science Museum is a major museum on Exhibition Road in South Kensington, London. It was founded in 1857 and is one of the city's major tourist attractions, attracting 3.3 million visitors annually in 2019. Like other publicly funded ...
in London. * S2/5081 – Skeeter 8 on static display at the Solent Sky Museum in Southampton, Hampshire.


Specifications (Skeeter AOP.12)


See also


References


Notes


Citations


Bibliography


"Cierva Skeeter Flies."
'' Flight'', 21 October 1948, pp. 477–478. * Dunnell, Ben. "Aeroplane Archive: Jump To It". ''
Aeroplane An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectr ...
'', Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2017. pp. 103–105. . * London, Peter. "Last of the Line: The Saro Skeeter". '' Air Enthusiast'', No. 54, Summer 1994. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 2–5. * London, Peter. ''Saunders and Saro Aircraft since 1917''. London: Putnam, 1988. .
"Saunders-Roe Skeeter: Development and Construction of the Mark Six."
''Flight'', 30 March 1956. pp. 355–359, 374. * * Wood, Derek. ''Project Cancelled''. Macdonald and Jane's Publishers, 1975. .


External links


Helis databaseSaro Skeeter
– British Aircraft Directory
Skeeter Heritage
{{Cierva aircraft 1940s British helicopters 1940s British military utility aircraft Skeeter Single-engined piston helicopters Aircraft first flown in 1948 W.14