In
mathematics, Sard's theorem, also known as Sard's lemma or the Morse–Sard theorem, is a result in
mathematical analysis
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limit (mathematics), limits, and related theories, such as Derivative, differentiation, Integral, integration, measure (mathematics), measure, infinite sequences, series (m ...
that asserts that the set of
critical value
Critical value may refer to:
*In differential topology, a critical value of a differentiable function between differentiable manifolds is the image (value of) ƒ(''x'') in ''N'' of a critical point ''x'' in ''M''.
*In statistical hypothesis ...
s (that is, the
image of the set of
critical points) of a
smooth function ''f'' from one
Euclidean space
Euclidean space is the fundamental space of geometry, intended to represent physical space. Originally, that is, in Euclid's ''Elements'', it was the three-dimensional space of Euclidean geometry, but in modern mathematics there are Euclidean ...
or
manifold to another is a
null set, i.e., it has
Lebesgue measure 0. This makes the set of critical values "small" in the sense of a
generic property
In mathematics, properties that hold for "typical" examples are called generic properties. For instance, a generic property of a class of functions is one that is true of "almost all" of those functions, as in the statements, "A generic polynom ...
. The theorem is named for
Anthony Morse
Anthony Perry Morse (21 August 1911 – 6 March 1984) was an American mathematician who worked in both analysis, especially measure theory, and in the foundations of mathematics. He is best known as the co-creator, together with John L. Kelle ...
and
Arthur Sard.
Statement
More explicitly,
let
:
be
, (that is,
times
continuously differentiable), where
. Let
denote the ''
critical set
Critical or Critically may refer to:
*Critical, or critical but stable, medical states
**Critical, or intensive care medicine
*Critical juncture, a discontinuous change studied in the social sciences.
*Critical Software, a company specializing in ...
'' of
which is the set of points
at which the
Jacobian matrix of
has
rank
Rank is the relative position, value, worth, complexity, power, importance, authority, level, etc. of a person or object within a ranking, such as:
Level or position in a hierarchical organization
* Academic rank
* Diplomatic rank
* Hierarchy
* ...