Saraks () (from
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ...
ナ嗷ト」aka
ナ嗷ト」aka ( Sanskrit) or Sト」aka (Pali) means "hearer" or, more generally, "disciple". This term is used in Buddhism and Jainism. In Jainism, a ナ孑ト」aka is any lay Jain so the term ナ孑ト」aka has been used for the Jain community itself (for exam ...
) is a
Jain community in
Jharkhand
Jharkhand (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in East India, eastern India. The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north ...
,
West Bengal
West Bengal (; Bengali language, Bengali: , , abbr. WB) is a States and union territories of India, state in the East India, eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabi ...
and
Bihar
Bihar ( ) is a states and union territories of India, state in Eastern India. It is the list of states and union territories of India by population, second largest state by population, the List of states and union territories of India by are ...
. They have been followers of
Jainism
Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religions, Indian religion whose three main pillars are nonviolence (), asceticism (), and a rejection of all simplistic and one-sided views of truth and reality (). Jainism traces its s ...
, such as vegetarianism, since ancient times, however, were isolated and separated from the main body of the
Jain community
The Jains in India are the last direct representatives of the ancient Shramana tradition. People who practice Jainism, an ancient religion of the Indian subcontinent, are collectively referred to as Jains.
Sangha
Jainism has a fourfold ord ...
in western, northern, and southern India and have been
Jain Bengalis ever since. The governments of India and West Bengal both have classified some of the Saraks under Other Backward Classes since 1994 but many of them have been in the General category from the beginning itself.
History

The Saraks are an ancient community in
Jharkhand
Jharkhand (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in East India, eastern India. The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north ...
and
Bengal
Bengal ( ) is a Historical geography, historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the Eastern South Asia, eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. The region of Benga ...
. British anthropologist
Edward Tuite Dalton Edward Tuite Dalton CSI (1815 - 1880) was a British soldier and anthropologist. He was posted in Assam, then became commissioner of Chota Nagpur Division. He was posted in Chotanagpur for two decades. Later he became major general of Bengal Lancer. ...
noted that according to the Bhumij tradition in
Singhbhum
Singhbhum was a district of India during the British Raj, part of the Chota Nagpur Division of the Bengal Presidency. It was located in the present-day Indian state of Jharkhand. Chaibasa was the district headquarters. Located in the southern l ...
district, the Saraks were early settlers in the region.
According to Santosh Kumar Kundu, the Saraks arrived from the northwestern region of India, presently in
Gujarat
Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories ...
and
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh ( ; UP) is a States and union territories of India, state in North India, northern India. With over 241 million inhabitants, it is the List of states and union territories of India by population, most populated state in In ...
. In the region between the rivers Barakar and Damodar, two democratic republics, Shikharbhum and Panchakot, flourished. Later they merged and came to be known as Shikharbhum, with the capital at
Panchkot. According to Ramesh Chandra Majumder, the Jain scholar
Bhadrabahu, the second Louhacharya and the author of Kalpa Sutra may have come from the Sarak community.
The region is called
Vajjabhumi in ancient texts because diamonds were once mined in the region. The
Tirthankara
In Jainism, a ''Tirthankara'' (; ) is a saviour and supreme preacher of the ''Dharma (Jainism), dharma'' (righteous path). The word ''tirthankara'' signifies the founder of a ''Tirtha (Jainism), tirtha'', a fordable passage across ''Sa盪ピト ...
Mahavira
Mahavira (Devanagari: 爨ョ爨ケ爨セ爨オ爭爨ー, ), also known as Vardhamana (Devanagari: 爨オ爨ー爭財、ァ爨ョ爨セ爨ィ, ), was the 24th ''Tirthankara'' (Supreme Preacher and Ford Maker) of Jainism. Although the dates and most historical details of his lif ...
visited this region according to the
Kalpa Sナォtra
The ''Kalpa Sナォtra'' () is a Jain text containing the biographies of the Jain Tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira. Traditionally ascribed to Bhadrabahu, which would place it in the 4th century BCE, it was probably put in writing ...
.
Separation and rediscovery

The Saraks lost contact with Jains in the rest of India after its conquest by
Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji
Ikhtiyト〉 al-Dトォn Mu盧・ammad Bin Bakhtiyト〉 Khaljトォ, also known as Bakhtiyar Khalji, was a Turko-Afghan Military General of the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor, who led the Muslim conquests of the eastern Indian regions of Bengal and parts of Bi ...
. Contact with the Digambara
Bundelkhand Jains was reestablished when the
Parwars Manju Chaudhary (1720窶1785) was appointed the governor of
Cuttack
Cuttack (, or officially Kataka in Odia language, Odia ), is the former capital, deputy capital and the 2nd largest city of the Indian state of Odisha. It is also the headquarters of the Cuttack district. The name of the city is an anglicised f ...
by the
Maratha Empire
The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern India, early modern polity in the Indian subcontinent. It comprised the realms of the Peshwa and four major independent List of Maratha dynasties and states, Ma ...
.
Saraks are concentrated in Purulia, Bankura and Burdwan districts of
West Bengal
West Bengal (; Bengali language, Bengali: , , abbr. WB) is a States and union territories of India, state in the East India, eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabi ...
and
Ranchi
Ranchi (; ) is the capital city and also the largest district by population of the Indian state of Jharkhand. Ranchi was the centre of the Jharkhand movement, which called for a separate state for the tribal regions of South Bihar, northern ...
,
Dumka
Dumka, the headquarters of the Dumka district and Santhal Pargana region, is a city in the state of Jharkhand, India. It was made the headquarters of the Santhal Pargana region, which was carved out of the Bhagalpur and Birbhum district afte ...
and
Giridih district
Giridih district is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand state, India, and Giridih is the administrative headquarters of this district. As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Jharkhand (out of 24), after Ranchi and Dhanbad ...
s and Singhbhum region of
Jharkhand
Jharkhand (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in East India, eastern India. The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north ...
. The Saraks belonging to most of
Jharkhand
Jharkhand (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in East India, eastern India. The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north ...
and
West Bengal
West Bengal (; Bengali language, Bengali: , , abbr. WB) is a States and union territories of India, state in the East India, eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabi ...
are
Bengali
Bengali or Bengalee, or Bengalese may refer to:
*something of, from, or related to Bengal, a large region in South Asia
* Bengalis, an ethnic and linguistic group of the region
* Bengali language, the language they speak
** Bengali alphabet, the w ...
speakers while those living in historical Singhbhum region speak Singhbhumi
Odia. Educated Saraks speak fluent
English.
In 2009, more than 165 Sarak Jains living in parts of
West Bengal
West Bengal (; Bengali language, Bengali: , , abbr. WB) is a States and union territories of India, state in the East India, eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabi ...
,
Jharkhand
Jharkhand (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in East India, eastern India. The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north ...
and
Bihar
Bihar ( ) is a states and union territories of India, state in Eastern India. It is the list of states and union territories of India by population, second largest state by population, the List of states and union territories of India by are ...
visited the ancient Jain pilgrimage center of
Shravanabelagola
Shravanabelagola (pronunciation: ) is a town located near Channarayapatna of Hassan district in the Indian state of Karnataka and is from Bengaluru. The Gommateshwara Bahubali statue at Shravanabelagola is one of the most important tirthas ...
. A special function to welcome the Sarak Jains was organised at Shravanabelagola.
Pakbirra, Purulia Temples and Sculptures
Statue of couple at Pakbirra.jpg, Divine couple with child, Pakbirra, Purulia
Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 51.jpg, Sahasrakuta, Pakbirra, Purulia
Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 28.jpg, Miniature shrine, Pakbirra, Purulia
Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 25.jpg, Miniature shrine, Pakbirra, Purulia
Statues of Adinath - Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 45.jpg, Adinatha Idols
Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 31.jpg, Miniature shrine, Pakbirra, Purulia
Pakbirra- Jain Shrine of Purulia district 29.JPG, Miniature shrine, Pakbirra, Purulia
File:KITLV 88203 - Unknown - Sculptures at Pakbira in British India - 1897.tif, Jain Sculptures at Pakbirra
See also
*
ナ嗷ト」aka (Jainism)
In Jainism, the word ナ嗷ト」aka or Sト」aga (from Jain Prakrit) is used to refer to the Jain laity (householders). The word ''ナ孑ト」aka'' has its roots in the word ''ナ孑ト」ana'', i.e. ''the one who listens'' (to the discourses of the saints).
T ...
*
Jainism in Bengal
Archaeological evidence shows Jainism was a significant religion in Bengal region during the early historic period.
History
Ancient period
Jain ideology in ancient Bengal developed in two main phases: an early period (pre-Maurya Empire, ...
*
Jainism in Bangladesh
*
Basudih
*
Maji (surname)
Maji (), also spelled as Majee, is a Bengali Hindu and Bengali Jain surname. They originated from the Rarh region of ancient Bengal. The Bengali Hindus may belong to Mahishya kshatriya, Tili, Jalia Kaibartta and Ugra Kshatriya castes and the Be ...
References
{{Jainism topics
Indian Jains
Social groups of West Bengal
Jain communities
Vegetarian communities