Sarah-Jane (born 1841) and Anna Flannagan (born 1866) were 19th-century New Zealand murderers. Like

Caroline Whitting Caroline Whitting (c. 1834 – ?) was a nineteenth-century New Zealand murderer, who was found guilty of killing three of her children through drowning in 1872 and sentenced to death. However, as with Phoebe Veitch in 1883, her sentence was commute ...

(1872) and

Phoebe Veitch Phoebe Veitch (nee Harper) (c.1860–1891) was a New Zealand murderer. She drowned her daughter Phoebe in the Wanganui River in 1883 and was tried and subsequently convicted of murder. Whilst she was originally sentenced to death, her senten ...

(1883) before them, but unlike

Minnie Dean As a first name, Minnie is a feminine given name. It can be a diminutive (hypocorism) of Minerva, Winifred, Wilhelmina, Hermione, Mary, Miriam, Maria, Marie, Naomi, Miranda, Clementine or Amelia. It may refer to: People with the given name * ...

subsequently (1895), the two women were initially sentenced to death for the killing of Anna's 'illegitimate' child and Sarah Jane's grandchild but were subsequently reprieved. In this instance, the intervention of the then-

Governor-General of New Zealand The governor-general of New Zealand ( mi, te kāwana tianara o Aotearoa) is the viceregal representative of the monarch of New Zealand, currently King Charles III. As the King is concurrently the monarch of 14 other Commonwealth realms and li ...

William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow William Hillier Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow, (7 March 1853 – 23 October 1911), was a British Conservative politician. He held several governmental positions between 1880 and 1905 and was also Governor of New Zealand between 1889 and 1892. B ...

was required for mitigation of the death penalty to life imprisonment.

Trial, verdict and psychiatric incarceration

On January 10, 1891, the body of Anna Flannagan's illegitimate infant was found mutilated, after Miss Flannagan had taken her from Jane Freeman, the wet nurse who was feeding her; although Anna Flannagan had been introduced as "Mrs Stevens", Freeman knew her to be the latter. It was alleged that in a moment of maternal madness, Anna Flannagan had killed the child, although she was later lucid enough to be arrested on attempting to flee to

Sydney Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...

, Australia. In February 1891, Christchurch, New Zealand residents Anna Flannagan (25), her mother Sarah Jane Flannagan (50) and Sarah Jane's husband, former Constable Daniel Flannagan, were all accused of killing Anna's illegitimate child, although they claimed to have been attacked by a gang of male assailants who killed the infant and dragged Anna through the streets at the end of a rope. Daniel Flannagan was later discharged, but on February 25, 1891, Sarah-Jane and Anna Flannagan were found guilty and sentenced to death. On March 13, 1891, the sentence was then commuted to life imprisonment. However, in November 1892, it was reported that Anna Flannagan had become a 'hopeless lunatic' and she was taken from Lyttelton Gaol to

Sunnyside Hospital Sunnyside Hospital (1863–1999) was the first mental asylum to be built in Christchurch, New Zealand. It was initially known as Sunnyside Lunatic Asylum, and its first patients were 17 people who had previously been kept in the Lyttelton gaol ...

, a

Christchurch Christchurch ( ; mi, Ōtautahi) is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. Christchurch lies on the South Island's east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula on Pegasus Bay. The Avon River / ...

psychiatric institution. Subsequently, it was reported that there were petitions for the release of Anna Flannagan from psychiatric care to the Minister of Justice and Governor-General in 1894. Anna was subsequently released in 1895 Sarah-Jane was also relocated to the Terrace Gaol, but was released in 1906 after serving 15 years of imprisonment. Daniel Flannagan was never able to rejoin the New Zealand Police thereafter, despite his earlier acquittal. However, given the social stigma attached to

illegitimacy Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce. Conversely, ''illegitimacy'', also known as '' ...

during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and the leniency meted out to perceived 'spontaneous'

infanticide Infanticide (or infant homicide) is the intentional killing of infants or offspring. Infanticide was a widespread practice throughout human history that was mainly used to dispose of unwanted children, its main purpose is the prevention of reso ...

cases born of wretched parental circumstances such as poverty, lone parenting, family violence, and other contextual factors, Bronwyn Daley has suggested that capital cases of infanticide carried out by mothers were usually mitigated to life imprisonment after appeal to higher judicial authorities or, in this case, Ministers of the Crown and the Governor-General himself As William Onslow noted in his official record of the appeal for clemency in this instance, there was also widespread public aversion to use of

capital punishment in New Zealand Capital punishment in New Zealand – the process of sentencing convicted offenders to death for the most serious crimes (capital crimes) and carrying out that sentence, as ordered by a legal system – first appeared in a codified form when New ...

when it came to culpable women (given that

(1895)) was the only woman executed in New Zealand criminal history until capital punishment was abolished in 1961. There are few other resources available to contemporary scrutiny, other than contemporary newspaper records of the trial, the sentence and its commutation to life imprisonment. The newspaper accounts also recorded the subsequent determination that Anna Flannagan was experiencing mental illness and needed to be admitted to

from Lyttelton Gaol in 1892, as well as that of the appeal to

(the Governor-General of New Zealand) for clemency in parliamentary official records, and a subsequent petition that requested the release of Anna Flannagan from Sunnyside in 1894. According to Bronwyn Dalley's analysis of late-19th and early-20th-century New Zealand infanticide cases, Anna was released from Sunnyside custody in 1895 and her mother from Terrace Gaol in 1906. Thereafter, there is no further information about the lives of Anna and Sarah Jane Flannagan after their respective releases from incarceration. In recent assessment of the case, Alison Clarke commented that the case of the Flannagans did not attract considerable public sympathy due to the perceived brutality of the purported offence, the greater age of Anna Flannagan (25) and that this had not been her first pregnancy. Thus, she was perceived as being in a different existential and moral context from younger single women who were perceived as being 'seduced and abandoned' by unscrupulous and negligent older men or irresponsible male contemporaries. Indeed, as the Wellington Evening Post commented, there had been widespread outrage when the original sentence of

had been commuted to imprisonment after Flannagan had been found guilty of murder. Clarke suggests that this may have influenced the later death penalty meted out to baby farmer

in 1895, who was the only woman executed in New Zealand criminal history until the abolition of capital punishment in New Zealand in 1951.Alison Clarke: ''Born to A Changing World: Childbirth in Nineteenth Century New Zealand:'' Wellington: Bridget Williams: 2012: 240

Trial, verdict and psychiatric incarceration

See also

References

Further reading