Santiago Antonio Fonacier y Suguitan (May 21, 1885 – December 8, 1977) was a Filipino priest, bishop, writer, educator, and politician who became a

senator A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

and the second '' Obispo Maximo'' of the ''

Iglesia Filipina Independiente , native_name_lang = fil , icon = Logo of the Philippine Independent Church (Aglipayan Church).svg , icon_width = 80px , icon_alt = Coat of arms of the Philippine Independent Church , image ...

'', also informally known as the Aglipayan Church.

Early life

Santiago Fonacier was born in

Laoag Laoag, officially the City of Laoag ( ilo, Siudad ti Laoag; fil, Lungsod ng Laoag), is a 1st class Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification, component city and capital of the Provinces of the Philippines, province of Ilocos Norte, Philip ...

Ilocos Norte Ilocos Norte, officially the Province of Ilocos Norte ( ilo, Probinsia ti Ilocos Norte; tl, Lalawigan ng Ilocos Norte), is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. Its capital is Laoag City, located in the northwest corner of ...

on 21 May 1885 to Dionisio Fonacier y Romero and Feliciana Suguitan y Manuel. He studied his secondary education and took a

bachelor of arts Bachelor of arts (BA or AB; from the Latin ', ', or ') is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines. A Bachelor of Arts degree course is generally completed in three or four years ...

course at the Escuela Docente de Laoag which was then accredited by the

University of Santo Tomas The University of Santo Tomas (also known as UST and officially as the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila) is a private, Catholic research university in Manila, Philippines. Founded on April 28, 1611, by Spanish friar Miguel ...

and the Liceo de Manila. He was one of the pioneering seminarians in one of the first and early seminaries of the nationalist church ''

'' (IFI) at Ilocos Norte to which he entered in October 1902, and later continued and completed his remaining theological training in another IFI seminary in Manila. He was ordained as a priest one year later in 1903.

Literary career

During his priesthood, he taught at the Instituto Docente (former Escuela Docente de Laoag), his alma mater, for two years in the primary grade, but left teaching to concentrate on journalism. He edited and translated

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periodical A periodical literature (also called a periodical publication or simply a periodical) is a published work that appears in a new edition on a regular schedule. The most familiar example is a newspaper, but a magazine or a journal are also examples ...

s and

Jose Rizal Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods. * Jose ben Abin * Jose ben Akabya *Jose the Galile ...

’s two novels, '' Noli Me Tangere'' and '' El Filibusterismo'' into Ilocano. He later on became a reporter for the newspapers ''La Democracia'' and ''El Grito del Pueblo''.

Political career

In 1912, Fonacier was elected to the

Philippine Assembly The Philippine Assembly (sometimes called the Philippine National Assembly) was the lower house of the Philippine Legislature from 1907 to 1916, when it was renamed the House of Representatives of the Philippines. The Philippine Assembly wa ...

as representative of the

first district First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...

, serving until 1916. In 1919, he was elected to the

Philippine Senate The Senate of the Philippines (Filipino language, Filipino: ''Senado ng Pilipinas'', also ''Mataas na Kapulungan ng Pilipinas'' or "upper chamber") is the upper house of Congress of the Philippines, Congress of the bicameral legislature of the ...

to represent the

, composed of Abra,

Batanes Batanes, officially the Province of Batanes ( ivv, Provinsiya nu Batanes; Ilocano: ''Probinsia ti Batanes''; fil, Lalawigan ng Batanes, ), is an archipelagic province in the Philippines, administratively part of the Cagayan Valley region. It i ...

Cagayan Cagayan ( ), officially the Province of Cagayan ( ilo, Probinsia ti Cagayan; ibg, Provinsiya na Cagayan; itv, Provinsiya ya Cagayan; fil, Lalawigan ng Cagayan), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the C ...

Ilocos Sur Ilocos Sur, officially the Province of Ilocos Sur ( ilo, Probinsia ti Ilocos Sur; tl, Lalawigan ng Ilocos Sur), is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Located on the mouth of the Mestizo River is the capital o ...

, Ilocos Norte and Isabela. He was also a member of the Board of Regents of the

University of the Philippines The University of the Philippines (UP; fil, Pamantasan ng Pilipinas Unibersidad ng Pilipinas) is a state university system in the Philippines. It is the country's national university, as mandated by Republic Act No. 9500 (UP Charter of 200 ...

, the Philippine Independence missions to the United States, and a member of the Institute of National Textbook Board.

Religious and clerical career

Fonacier was an early follower of the schismatic

(IFI) founded by

Isabelo de los Reyes Isabelo de los Reyes Sr. y Florentino, also known as Don Belong (July 7, 1864 – October 10, 1938), was a prominent Filipino politician, writer, journalist, and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries. He was the original founder of the ' ...

and

Gregorio Aglipay Gregorio Aglipay Cruz y Labayán ( la, Gregorius Aglipay; Filipino: ''Gregorio Labayan Aglipay Cruz''; 5 May 1860 – 1 September 1940) was a former Filipino Catholic priest who became the first head of the ''Iglesia Filipina Independiente'', ...

in 1902. He served as personal secretary to Aglipay at one point. He also became a

military chaplain A military chaplain ministers to military personnel and, in most cases, their families and civilians working for the military. In some cases they will also work with local civilians within a military area of operations. Although the term ''cha ...

and was assigned priest at the first national cathedral of the IFI, the "Tondo Cathedral" in

Tondo, Manila Tondo is a district located in Manila, Philippines. It is the largest in terms of area and population of Manila's sixteen districts, with a Census-estimated 631,313 people in 2015 and consists of two congressional districts. It is also the seco ...

. He was consecrated as

bishop A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...

in January 1933. He was elected in accordance with the constitution of the church and became the church's second Obispo Maximo (Supreme Bishop) after Aglipay's death in 1940 and served until 1946. Just like his predecessor Aglipay, he was a firm adherent of the

Unitarianism Unitarianism (from Latin ''unitas'' "unity, oneness", from ''unus'' "one") is a nontrinitarian branch of Christian theology. Most other branches of Christianity and the major Churches accept the doctrine of the Trinity which states that there i ...

theology. Fonacier spearheaded the establishment of the now-defunct ''Iglesia Filipina Independiente Central Seminary'' (IFICS) which used to be located at 1108

Taft Avenue Taft Avenue ( fil, Abenida Taft; es, Avenida Taft) is a major road in the south of Metro Manila. It passes through three cities in the metropolis: Manila, Pasay and Parañaque. The road was named after the former Governor-General of the Philippin ...

Manila Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of Manila ( fil, Lungsod ng Maynila, ), is the capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is highly urbanized and, as of 2019, was the world's most densely populate ...

and served the seminary training of the church's aspiring priests until the mid 1940s. Fonacier's tenure as Supreme Bishop was mired in challenges and controversy. Having had to lead the IFI during the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

and the Japanese occupation, he also faced dissent within the church's ranks, which surfaced after the war when Fonacier asked a bishop to transfer from the Diocese of

Cavite Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite ( tl, Lalawigan ng Kabite; Chavacano: ''Provincia de Cavite''), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Located on the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest ...

Cebu Cebu (; ceb, Sugbo), officially the Province of Cebu ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Sugbo; tl, Lalawigan ng Cebu; hil, Kapuroan sang Sugbo), is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, and consists of a main island and 167 ...

. This led to a Supreme Council of Bishops meeting on 4 December 1945, which charged him with violating the IFI's Constitution in consecrating bishops, moving the church headquarters to another town and failing to give an accounting of church funds. The following year, he was dismissed from office by the council. After losing a legal challenge against his successors, Fonacier seceded from the IFI and established the Independent Church of Filipino Christians (ICFC) in 1955, which later became a member of the

International Association for Religious Freedom The International Association for Religious Freedom (IARF) is a charitable organization that works for religious freedom around the world. It was founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 1900, and is the oldest international group that promotes dialo ...

(IARF), and also later produced another separate denomination called "Aglipay Memorial Church" (AMC). The ICFC and AMC remained Unitarian. A polarizing figure in the church's history, on 8 December 2020, then-IFI Obispo Maximo Rhee Timbang released an official church statement commemorating Fonacier's 43rd death anniversary, "to celebrate his life and ministry, and remember his contribution". The statement emphasized on urging its congregation "''to give it with distinction to seek and extend forgiveness and understanding, to offer and reach-out for love and reconciliation''", as well as "''thanking God for the life and ministry of Fonacier''".

Personal life and death

Fonacier died aged 92 on 8 December 1977. Also nicknamed "Ago", he was married to Carmen Jamias – who was introduced to him by Gregorio Aglipay – in September 1909 and had eight children. Jamias was a niece of Aglipay's wife, Pilar. Fonacier's son Anos was a lawyer, entrepreneur and

philanthropist Philanthropy is a form of altruism that consists of "private initiatives, for the Public good (economics), public good, focusing on quality of life". Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives, which are private initiatives for private goo ...

who was best known by the moniker, the "Father of

Bohol Bohol (), officially the Province of Bohol ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Bohol; tl, Lalawigan ng Bohol), is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas Regions of the Philippines, region, consisting of the island itself and 75 m ...

Tourism" and "Father of

's Tourism Industry". Santiago Fonacier was featured in a 1985 commemorative

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the Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fonacier, Santiago 1885 births 1977 deaths Bishops of Independent Catholic denominations Filipino journalists Filipino newspaper editors Filipino translators Philippine Independent Church Members of the Philippine Independent Church Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Ilocos Norte Nacionalista Party politicians Filipino Christian religious leaders Senators of the 5th Philippine Legislature Senators of the 6th Philippine Legislature Members of the Senate of the Philippines from the 1st district