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The Sanpoil (or ''San Poil'') are a Native American people of the U.S. state of Washington. They are one of the
Salish peoples The Salish peoples are indigenous peoples of the American and Canadian Pacific Northwest, identified by their use of the Salish languages which diversified out of Proto-Salish between 3,000 and 6,000 years ago. The term “Salish” originated in ...
and are one of the twelve members of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation. The name Sanpoil comes from the Okanagan '' npʕwílx', "gray as far as one can see". It has been folk-etymologized as coming from the French ''sans poil'', "without fur". The Yakama people know the tribe as Hai-ai'-nlma or Ipoilq. The Sanpoil call themselves Nesilextcl'n, .n.selixtcl'n, probably meaning "Salish speaking," and N'pooh-le, a shortened form of the name. The Sanpoil had a semi-democratic system of government with various chiefs representing each community within the tribe. Heredity was not a requirement for chiefs. In later years, United States government officials began recognizing one chief at a time. The last four officially recognized chiefs of the San Poil Tribe were Que Que Tas (b. 1822-d.1905), his son Nespelem George (b. 1863-d. Jan. 29, 1929), Skolaskin, and Jim James. The mother of Que Que Tas was a woman chief who met Lewis and Clark on the great plateau when they came through on the Pacific Northwest Expedition.


Ethnography

Since the 17th century the Sanpoil flourished with a large number of villages along the Sanpoil River and Nespelem River, tributaries of the
Columbia River The Columbia River (Upper Chinook: ' or '; Sahaptin: ''Nch’i-Wàna'' or ''Nchi wana''; Sinixt dialect'' '') is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, C ...
Later, the tribe was placed on Sanpoil and Colville Reservations in Washington state. The San Poil Tribe was incorporated into the Colville Confederation by Executive Order from the President of the United States after strong recommendation from the Indian agents noting the San Poil's relatively peaceful nature toward others (especially European settlers). The Sanpoil are considered Interior Salish Native Americans, a designation that also includes the Okanagan,
Sinixt The Sinixt"Sinixt Nation…" (also known as the Sin-Aikst or Sin Aikst,Reyes 2002, ''passim.'' "Senjextee", "Arrow Lakes Band", or — less commonly in recent decades — simply as "The Lakes") are a First Nations People. The Sinixt are ...
,
Lakes A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much larger ...
, Wenatchee, Nespelem,
Spokan The Spokan or Spokane people are a Native American Plateau tribe who inhabit the eastern portion of present-day Washington state and parts of northern Idaho in the United States of America. The current Spokane Indian Reservation is located in ...
, Kalispel, Pend d'Oreilles, Coeur d'Alene, and Flathead peoples. Ross classifies Nespelem as one of the Okanagan tribes, while Winans classifies them as part of the Sanpoil. There is little cultural and linguistic difference between the San Poil and the Nespelem. In 1905, the
United States Indian Office The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and A ...
counted 324 Sanpoil and 41 Nespelem. In 1910, the Census counted 240 and 46. In 1913, after a survey, the
Office of Indian Affairs The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and ...
counted 202 and 43.


Language

Sanpoil is a Salish language belonging to the inland division of Salishan languages typical of Plateau nations, and related most closely to Salishan languages' eastern section.


Contemporary Language Issues

Nesilextcl'n, the dialect of Salish spoken by the San Poil, is no longer taught in schools or spoken by the younger generations. While a few fluent speakers remain, all are senior citizens. Without language preservation efforts, the dialect will be lost to the San Poil people and to the world.


Legends and stories


''Chipmunk and meadowlark''
Sanpoil legend about two children attacked by a monster

Sanpoil legend about the adventures of coyote.

Coyote teaches the Sanpoil to harvest salmon.

Sanpoil story about a boy who turned into a chickadee

Sanpoil story about the origin of the seasons

Sanpoil story about a quarrel between tribes

Sanpoil story about coyote getting in trouble with a grasshopper family

Sanpoil story about the origin of the wood tick.

Sanpoil legend about the origin of fire


List of Sanpoil villages

* Enthlukaluk, about north of the mouth of the river. * Hahsulauk, home of the Shahsulauhuwa, near Plum. * Hulalst, home of the S-hulalstu, at Whitestone, about above Npuiluk. * Hwatsam, a winter camp, about above Snukeilt. * Kakamkam, on the islands in the Sanpoil River a short distance above the mouth. * Kathlpuspusten, home of the Kathlpuspustenak, about a mile above Plum, on the opposite side of the river. * Ketapkunulak, on the banks of the Columbia just east of the Sanpoil River. * Naak, home of the Snaakau, about a mile below Plum but on the north side of the river. * Nhohogus, fishing grounds of the S-hulalstu. * Npokstian, a winter camp, about above Hwatsam. * Npuiluk, home of the Snpuiluk, at the mouth of Sanpoil River, made up of the following camps: ** Snkethlkukwiliskanan, near the present landing of the Keller ferry; ** a branch of the last called by the same name, several hundred yards north of the first between the cliff and the Sanpoil River, on the west side; ** Kethltselchin, on the first bench above the Columbia, west of the Sanpoil River. * Nthlahoitk, a winter camp of the Snpuiluk, about halfway between Skthlamchin and Naak. * Saamthlk, home of the Saamthlk, on the opposite side of the river from Kathlpuspusten. * Skekwilk, on the west side of Sanpoil River about a mile above the mouth. * Snputlem, on the east bank of Sanpoil River, about above the mouth. * Snukeilt, home of the Snukeiltk, on the west side of Columbia River about above the mouth of Spokane River. * Tkukualkuhun, home of the Stkukualkuhunak, at Rodger's Bar just across the river from Hunters. * Tsaktsikskin, a winter camp of the Snpuiluk, about a half mile below Naak. Wathlwathlaskin, home of the Swathlwathlaskink, up the river from Nthlahoitk.


Notes


Further reading

* Ray, Verne Frederick. ''Sanpoil Folk Tales''. 1933. * Ray, Verne F. ''The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, by Verne F. Ray''. Seattle, Washington: Univ. of Wash. Press, 1932. * Watson, Ralph W. ''Appraisal of the Tribal Lands of the Colville Tribe, the San Poil and Nespelem Tribes, the Lakes, the Okanogans, and the Methows As Defined in the Decision of the Indian Claims Commission, Docket 181 on February 29, 1956 : All of Said Lands Being in the State of Washington and the Appraisal Being As of July 2, 1872''. Library of American Indian affairs. New York: Clearwater, 1900.


External links


Sanpoil Indian Tribe

Sanpoil vision quest
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanpoil (Tribe) Native American tribes in Washington (state) Interior Salish