The Sanpoil (or ''San Poil'') are a
Native American people of the U.S. state of
Washington
Washington commonly refers to:
* Washington (state), United States
* Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States
** A metonym for the federal government of the United States
** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered o ...
. They are one of the
Salish peoples
The Salish peoples are indigenous peoples of the American and Canadian Pacific Northwest, identified by their use of the Salish languages which diversified out of Proto-Salish between 3,000 and 6,000 years ago.
The term “Salish” originated i ...
and are one of the twelve members of the
Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation The Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation is the federally recognized tribe that controls the Colville Indian Reservation, which is located in northeastern Washington, United States. It is the government for its people.
The Confederate Tr ...
.
The name Sanpoil comes from the
Okanagan
The Okanagan ( ), also known as the Okanagan Valley and sometimes as the Okanagan Country, is a region in the Canadian province of British Columbia defined by the basin of Okanagan Lake and the Canadian portion of the Okanagan River. It is par ...
''
wílx">npʕwílx', "gray as far as one can see". It has been
folk-etymologized as coming from the French ''sans poil'', "without fur".
The Yakama people know the tribe as Hai-ai'-nlma or Ipoilq. The Sanpoil call themselves Nesilextcl'n, .n.selixtcl'n, probably meaning "Salish speaking," and N'pooh-le, a shortened form of the name. The Sanpoil had a semi-democratic system of government with various chiefs representing each community within the tribe. Heredity was not a requirement for chiefs. In later years, United States government officials began recognizing one chief at a time.
The last four officially recognized chiefs of the San Poil Tribe were Que Que Tas (b. 1822-d.1905), his son Nespelem George (b. 1863-d. Jan. 29, 1929), Skolaskin, and Jim James. The mother of Que Que Tas was a woman chief who met Lewis and Clark on the great plateau when they came through on the Pacific Northwest Expedition.
Ethnography
Since the 17th century the Sanpoil flourished with a large number of villages along the
Sanpoil River
The Sanpoil River (also spelled San Poil) is a tributary of the Columbia River, in the U.S. state of Washington. The river is named for the Sanpoil, the Interior Salish people who live along the river course. The name is from the Okanagan ter ...
and
Nespelem River
The Nespelem River is a northern tributary of the Columbia River, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is completely contained within Okanogan County and the Colville Indian Reservation.
The name "Nespelem" is said to come from the Indian word ...
, tributaries of the
Columbia River Later, the tribe was placed on Sanpoil and Colville Reservations in
Washington state
Washington (), officially the State of Washington, is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. Named for George Washington—the first U.S. president—the state was formed from the western part of the Washington ...
.
The San Poil Tribe was incorporated into the Colville Confederation by Executive Order from the President of the United States after strong recommendation from the Indian agents noting the San Poil's relatively peaceful nature toward others (especially European settlers).
The Sanpoil are considered
Interior Salish
The Interior Salish languages are one of the two main branches of the Salishan language family, the other being Coast Salish. It can be further divided into Northern and Southern subbranches. The first Salishan people encountered by American exp ...
Native Americans, a designation that also includes the
Okanagan
The Okanagan ( ), also known as the Okanagan Valley and sometimes as the Okanagan Country, is a region in the Canadian province of British Columbia defined by the basin of Okanagan Lake and the Canadian portion of the Okanagan River. It is par ...
,
Sinixt
The Sinixt"Sinixt Nation…" (also known as the Sin-Aikst or Sin Aikst,Reyes 2002, ''passim.'' "Senjextee", "Arrow Lakes Band", or — less commonly in recent decades — simply as "The Lakes") are a First Nations People. The Sinixt are ...
,
Lakes,
Wenatchee
Wenatchee ( ) is the county seat and largest city of Chelan County, Washington, United States. The population within the city limits in 2010 was 31,925, and was estimated to have increased to 34,360 as of 2019. Located in the north-central part ...
,
Nespelem,
Spokan,
Kalispel
The Pend d'Oreille ( ), also known as the Kalispel (), are Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau. Today many of them live in Montana and eastern Washington of the United States. The Kalispel peoples referred to their primary tribal range a ...
,
Pend d'Oreilles
The Pend d'Oreille ( ), also known as the Kalispel (), are Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau. Today many of them live in Montana and eastern Washington of the United States. The Kalispel peoples referred to their primary tribal range a ...
,
Coeur d'Alene, and
Flathead peoples.
Ross classifies Nespelem as one of the Okanagan tribes, while Winans classifies them as part of the Sanpoil. There is little cultural and linguistic difference between the San Poil and the Nespelem.
In 1905, the
United States Indian Office counted 324 Sanpoil and 41 Nespelem. In 1910, the Census counted 240 and 46. In 1913, after a survey, the
Office of Indian Affairs counted 202 and 43.
Language
Sanpoil is a
Salish language
The Salish or Séliš language , also known as Kalispel–Pend d'oreille, Kalispel–Spokane–Flathead, or Montana Salish to distinguish it from other Salishan languages, is a Salishan language spoken (as of 2005) by about 64 elders of the Fla ...
belonging to the inland division of
Salishan languages
The Salishan (also Salish) languages are a family of languages of the Pacific Northwest in North America (the Canadian province of British Columbia and the American states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana). They are characterised by a ...
typical of
Plateau nations, and related most closely to Salishan languages' eastern section.
Contemporary Language Issues
Nesilextcl'n, the dialect of Salish spoken by the San Poil, is no longer taught in schools or spoken by the younger generations. While a few fluent speakers remain, all are senior citizens. Without language preservation efforts, the dialect will be lost to the San Poil people and to the world.
Legends and stories
''Chipmunk and meadowlark'' Sanpoil legend about two children attacked by a monster
Sanpoil legend about the adventures of coyote.
Coyote teaches the Sanpoil to harvest salmon.
Sanpoil story about a boy who turned into a chickadee
Sanpoil story about the origin of the seasons
Sanpoil story about a quarrel between tribes
Sanpoil story about coyote getting in trouble with a grasshopper family
Sanpoil story about the origin of the wood tick.
Sanpoil legend about the origin of fire
List of Sanpoil villages
* Enthlukaluk, about north of the mouth of the river.
* Hahsulauk, home of the
Shahsulauhuwa, near Plum.
* Hulalst, home of the
S-hulalstu, at Whitestone, about above Npuiluk.
* Hwatsam, a winter camp, about above Snukeilt.
* Kakamkam, on the islands in the Sanpoil River a short distance above the mouth.
* Kathlpuspusten, home of the
Kathlpuspustenak, about a mile above Plum, on the opposite side of the river.
* Ketapkunulak, on the banks of the Columbia just east of the Sanpoil River.
* Naak, home of the
Snaakau, about a mile below Plum but on the north side of the river.
* Nhohogus, fishing grounds of the S-hulalstu.
* Npokstian, a winter camp, about above Hwatsam.
* Npuiluk, home of the
Snpuiluk, at the mouth of Sanpoil River, made up of the following camps:
** Snkethlkukwiliskanan, near the present landing of the Keller ferry;
** a branch of the last called by the same name, several hundred yards north of the first between the cliff and the Sanpoil River, on the west side;
** Kethltselchin, on the first bench above the Columbia, west of the Sanpoil River.
* Nthlahoitk, a winter camp of the Snpuiluk, about halfway between Skthlamchin and Naak.
* Saamthlk, home of the
Saamthlk, on the opposite side of the river from Kathlpuspusten.
* Skekwilk, on the west side of Sanpoil River about a mile above the mouth.
* Snputlem, on the east bank of Sanpoil River, about above the mouth.
* Snukeilt, home of the
Snukeiltk, on the west side of Columbia River about above the mouth of Spokane River.
* Tkukualkuhun, home of the
Stkukualkuhunak, at Rodger's Bar just across the river from Hunters.
* Tsaktsikskin, a winter camp of the Snpuiluk, about a half mile below Naak. Wathlwathlaskin, home of the
Swathlwathlaskink, up the river from Nthlahoitk.
Notes
Further reading
* Ray, Verne Frederick. ''Sanpoil Folk Tales''. 1933.
* Ray, Verne F. ''The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, by Verne F. Ray''. Seattle, Washington: Univ. of Wash. Press, 1932.
* Watson, Ralph W. ''Appraisal of the Tribal Lands of the Colville Tribe, the San Poil and Nespelem Tribes, the Lakes, the Okanogans, and the Methows As Defined in the Decision of the Indian Claims Commission, Docket 181 on February 29, 1956 : All of Said Lands Being in the State of Washington and the Appraisal Being As of July 2, 1872''. Library of American Indian affairs. New York: Clearwater, 1900.
External links
Sanpoil Indian TribeSanpoil vision quest
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanpoil (Tribe)
Native American tribes in Washington (state)
Interior Salish