Sandokanidae is a family of

harvestmen The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extan ...

in the suborder

Laniatores Laniatores is the largest suborder of the arachnid order Opiliones with over 4,000 described species worldwide. The majority of the species are highly dependent on humid environments and usually correlated with tropical and temperate forest habit ...

, formerly referred to as Oncopodidae (the name was replaced because of the secondary homonymy of the type genus ''Oncopus'', replaced by ''Sandokan''; this made the change of family name mandatory)

Name

The name of the type genus is based on the name of a fictional Bornean prince-pirate.

Description

Sandokanidae range in body size from about 2–11 mm. Their legs are relatively short and stout. Most species are

amber Amber is fossilized tree resin that has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times. Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects."Amber" (2004). In ...

colored with some dark brown patterns. A few undescribed ''Gnomulus'' species are orange. (2007): Oncopodidae. Kury & Pérez G., 2002. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 211ff

Distribution

This family is known from

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainlan ...

from Indonesia, almost reaching

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...

Waigeo Waigeo is an island in Southwest Papua province of eastern Indonesia. The island is also known as Amberi, or Waigiu. It is the largest of the four main islands in the Raja Ampat Islands archipelago, between Halmahera and about to the north-w ...

, up north into the

Himalaya The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over 100 ...

n region.

Relationships

Sandokanidae are probably the sister group to all other

Grassatores The Grassatores are the most diverse infraorder of the Laniatores. It includes over 3,500 species distributed mainly in the tropicsKury, A.B.(2003). Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). '' Revista Ibéri ...

Species

* '' Biantoncopus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 :* '' Biantoncopus fuscus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 —

Leyte Leyte ( ) is an island in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines. It is eighth-largest and sixth-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 2,626,970 as of 2020 census. Since the accessibility of land has be ...

(

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

) * '' Caenoncopus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — Sumatra :* '' Caenoncopus affinis'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 :* '' Caenoncopus cuspidatus'' (Schwendinger, 1992) :* '' Caenoncopus tenuis'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 * '' Gnomulus'' Thorell, 1890 :* '' Gnomulus aborensis'' (Roewer, 1913) —

Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (, ) is a state in Northeastern India. It was formed from the erstwhile North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and became a state on 20 February 1987. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It shares ...

(northeast

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

) :* '' Gnomulus annulipes'' (Pocock, 1897) —

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, ...

(

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and ea ...

) :* '' Gnomulus armillatus'' (Thorell, 1891) — Sumatra :* '' Gnomulus asli'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — West

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

:* '' Gnomulus baharu'' Schwendinger, in Martens & Schwendinger 1998 :* '' Gnomulus carinatus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Kalimantan (Indonesia) :* '' Gnomulus claviger'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 —

Luzon Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...

(Philippines) :* '' Gnomulus coniceps'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — Luzon :* '' Gnomulus conigerus'' (Schwendinger, 1992) —

Sabah Sabah () is a state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indonesia to the south. The Federal Territory o ...

(Malaysia) :* '' Gnomulus crassipes'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Luzon :* '' Gnomulus crucifer'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — Luzon :* '' Gnomulus drescoi'' (Silhavy, 1962) — Sumatra :* '' Gnomulus exsudans'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Sabah :* '' Gnomulus goodnighti'' (Suzuki, 1977) —

Mindanao Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...

(Philippines) :* '' Gnomulus hamatus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Luzon :* '' Gnomulus hirsutus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — West Malaysia :* '' Gnomulus hutan'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Sarawak :* '' Gnomulus hyatti'' (Martens, 1977) —

Nepal Nepal (; ne, :ne:नेपाल, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne, सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in S ...

:* '' Gnomulus imadatei'' (Suzuki, 1970) —

Brunei Brunei ( , ), formally Brunei Darussalam ( ms, Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: , ), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its South China Sea coast, it is completely surrounded by t ...

:* '' Gnomulus insularis'' (Roewer, 1927) — Penang? (Malaysia) :* '' Gnomulus javanicus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 —

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mos ...

:* '' Gnomulus laevis'' (Roewer, 1915) —

:* '' Gnomulus lannaianus'' (Schwendinger, 1992) —

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

:* '' Gnomulus laruticus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — West Malaysia :* '' Gnomulus latoperculum'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Sulawesi :* '' Gnomulus leofeae'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Burma :* '' Gnomulus leyteensis'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — Leyte :* '' Gnomulus lomani'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Borneo, Sumatra? :* '' Gnomulus maculatus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — Luzon :* '' Gnomulus marginatus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Thailand :* '' Gnomulus matabesar'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 —

Halmahera Halmahera, formerly known as Jilolo, Gilolo, or Jailolo, is the largest island in the Maluku Islands. It is part of the North Maluku province of Indonesia, and Sofifi, the capital of the province, is located on the west coast of the island. Ha ...

(Indonesia) :* '' Gnomulus minor'' N. Tsurusaki, 1990 —

:* '' Gnomulus monticola'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — West Malaysia :* '' Gnomulus obscurus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Sarawak :* '' Gnomulus palawanensis'' (S. Suzuki, 1982) —

Palawan Palawan (), officially the Province of Palawan ( cyo, Probinsya i'ang Palawan; tl, Lalawigan ng Palawan), is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of Mimaropa. It is the largest province in the country in t ...

(Philippines) :* '' Gnomulus piliger'' (Pocock, 1903) — Thailand :* '' Gnomulus pilosus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — West Malaysia :* '' Gnomulus pulvillatus'' (Pocock, 1903) — West Malaysia :* '' Gnomulus rostratoideus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — West Malaysia,

Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...

:* '' Gnomulus rostratus'' Thorell, 1890 — Penang :* '' Gnomulus ryssie'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Thailand :* '' Gnomulus sinensis'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 —

Sichuan Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of the ...

( China) :* '' Gnomulus spiniceps'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 —

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...

:* '' Gnomulus sumatranus'' Thorell, 1891 — Sumatra :* '' Gnomulus sundaicus'' (Schwendinger, 1992) — Sarawak :* '' Gnomulus thorelli'' (Sørensen, 1932) — Java :* '' Gnomulus tuberculatus'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Sumatra :* '' Gnomulus tumidifrons'' Schwendinger & Martens, 2002 — Halmahera * ''Sandokan'' Özdikmen & Kury, 2007 :* '' Sandokan doriae'' Thorell, 1876 — Sarawak :* '' Sandokan expatriatus'' (Schwendinger & Martens, 2004) — Thailand? :* '' Sandokan feae'' Thorell, 1890 — Penang :* '' Sandokan hosei'' Pocock, 1897 — Sarawak :* '' Sandokan lingga'' (Schwendinger & Martens, 2004) —

Lingga Islands The Lingga Regency ( id, Kabupaten Lingga) is a group of islands in Indonesia, located south of Singapore, along both sides of the equator, off the eastern coast of Riau Province on Sumatra island. They are south of the populated Riau Archipela ...

(Indonesia) :* '' Sandokan malayanus'' (Schwendinger & Martens, 2004) — West Malaysia :* '' Sandokan megachelis'' (Schwendinger, 1992) — Sabah :* '' Sandokan tiomanensis'' (Schwendinger & Martens, 2004) —

Tioman Island Tioman Island ( ms, Pulau Tioman) is a mukim and an island in Rompin District, Pahang, Malaysia. It is located off the east coast of the state, and is some long and wide. It has seven villages, the largest and most populous being Kampung ...

(Malaysia) :* '' Sandokan truncatus'' Thorell, 1891 — Singapore * '' Palaeoncopus'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 — Sumatra :* '' Palaeoncopus gunung'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 :* '' Palaeoncopus katik'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998 :* '' Palaeoncopus kerdil'' Martens & Schwendinger, 1998

References

* 's Biology Catalog
Oncopodidae
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3471872 Harvestmen Harvestman families