The zebra jumping spider (''Salticus scenicus'') is a common
jumping spider of the
Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's Nort ...
. Their common name refers to their vivid black-and-white colouration, whilst their scientific name derives from ''Salticus'' from the Latin for “dancing”, in reference to their agility, and the Greek ''scenicus'', translating to “theatrical” or “of a decorative place,” in reference to the flashy, zebra-like coloration of the species.
Description
Female zebra spiders are 5–9 mm long, while males are 5–6 mm.
Male zebra spiders have distinctly larger
chelicerae than females. Spiders in the family Salticidae have especially enlarged anterior median eyes (AME), though the anterior and posterior lateral eyes (ALE, PLE) are also large when compared to the very small posterior median eyes (PME). In total there are eight eyes, with the very large anterior median eyes primarily responsible for its excellent
binocular vision. These small spiders are black with white hairs that form stripes.
Distribution and Habitat
Zebra spiders are widespread across
Europe,
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...
,
and
North Asia,
where they are found throughout the
Holarctic.
This species is naturally associated with open habitats such as rock faces, shingle beaches and occasionally the trunks of trees. Due to their preference for open, vertical habitats they are often found living in proximity to humans in urban habitat such as on garden fences and the walls of buildings. Spiders have also been known to enter houses, where they can often be found living in the corner of windowsills.
Behaviour
Diet
Zebra spiders tend to hunt smaller spiders and other arthropods. They have been observed feeding on
mosquitos that are almost twice their length. They have also been observed taking on prey items up to 3 times the length of the spider, such as some of the smaller species of
moth.
Like other jumping spiders, these spiders use their large front eyes to locate and stalk their prey. They move slowly towards their prey until they are close enough to pounce on top of their victim, and their hunting behaviour has been described as cat-like. Using their acute eyesight, they are able to accurately judge the distances they need to jump.
Hunting
They orient towards prey detected by their lateral eyes whenever the angle subtended by such prey exceeds 5.5°. The velocity of the prey is not involved in the determination of reactive distance, but only moving objects elicit orientation. The probability that orientation is followed by stalking is a function of both prey size and velocity. The zebra spider's stalk velocity declines progressively as it nears its (stationary) prey.
Before jumping, they glue a
silk thread
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from ...
to the surface that they are jumping from so that if they miss the target, they can climb up the thread and try again - However, they may 'abseil' with a silk thread if they wish to descend from a height safely, for instance they have been documented 'abseiling' from ceilings. They ignore unappetising insects such as ants.
There are no extensor muscles at the 'hinge joints' of the spider leg; joint extension in the legs is controlled by
haemocoel
The blood circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate. It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, tha ...
ic
blood pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure results from the heart pumping blood through the circulatory system. When used without qualification, the term "blood pressure" r ...
. The most significant evidence that this extension is due to
hydraulic forces is that the leg spines become erect during the jump, a result of increased body pressure which can be demonstrated on many spiders. The zebra spider's jump is almost entirely due to the sudden straightening of the fourth pair of legs. The mean jumping velocity is estimated to be between .
Reproduction
This species breeds during the spring and summer months.
When a male and female spider meet, the male will conduct a
courtship dance. The dance involves waving their front legs,
pedipalps and moving their abdomen up and down.
During the courtship dance males use their striped markings to signal that they wish to mate with the female.
The courting ritual relies heavily on eyesight.
The better the dance the more likely the female will want to mate. Males must be careful when approaching a female as they can risk being attacked or even mistaken as a prey species.
If the female is impressed with the male's dance she will allow the male to approach.
The female will crouch and allow the male to climb on top of her.
Male spiders use a pair of leg-like appendages called pedipalps to transfer sperm to the female during the mating process.
Females will stay with their
egg sacs and will guard the young after they hatch. After the spiderlings have had their second
moult they will leave the mother and fend for themselves.
Taxonomic history
''Salticus scenicus'' was one of the spiders included in
Carl Alexander Clerck's 1757 work ''
Svenska Spindlar / Aranei Suecici'', the starting point for spider names in
zoological nomenclature.
Clerck originally called the species ''Araneus scenicus'', and
Carl Linnaeus, in the 1758 edition of ''
Systema Naturae
' (originally in Latin written ' with the ligature æ) is one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and introduced the Linnaean taxonomy. Although the system, now known as binomial nomen ...
'' named it ''Aranea scenica''; the
specific epithet
In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...
' means "
actor".
Since then a number of synonyms have been published:
* ''Araneus scenicus''
* ''Aranea scenica''
* ''Aranea albo-fasciata''
* ''Aranea fulvata''
* ''Attus scenicus''
* ''Attus candefactus''
* ''Epiblemum faustum''
* ''Attus scenicoides''
* ''Calliethera histrionica''
* ''Calliethera scenica''
* ''Calliethera aulica''
* ''Salticus albovittatus''
* ''Attus histrionicus''
* ''Callithera alpina''
* ''Callietherus histrionicus''
* ''Epiblemum histrionicum''
* ''Salticus histrionicus''
* ''Epiblemum scenicum''
* ''Calliethera goberti''
* ''Calliethera albovittata''
References
External links
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q169513
Salticidae
Spiders of Europe
Spiders of Asia
Spiders of North America
Holarctic spiders