Salazarese (locally ''Zaraitzuko uskara'') is the
Basque dialect
Basque dialects are linguistic varieties of the Basque language which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from each other and from Standard Basque. Between six and nine Basque dialects have been historically distinguished:
*Biscayan ...
of the
Salazar Valley
The Salazar Valley ( eu, Zaraitzu Ibarra, es, Valle de Salazar) is a valley in the east of the Foral Community of Navarre in Spain. It lies within the Merindad of Zangoza-Sangüesa and within that, the Comarca of Roncal-Salazar. The Sierra d ...
of
Navarre
Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...
,
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
.
In
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
it is also known as Zaraitzu Basque, the Zaraitzu dialect or Salazar dialect; in
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...
as ''salacenco'' and in Basque as ''Zaraitzuko euskara''.
Basque was spoken in the Salazar valley until the first half of the 20th century; ever since, the number of speakers started a
dramatic decline. At the time of the 2002 linguistic census, there were only two native speakers, both with ages over 85, and within a few years Salazarese became extinct.
However, its features had been documented over the 19th and 20th centuries.
From the 1980s there has been a
revival of the Basque language in Spain. As a result, roughly a quarter of the valley's inhabitants now speak
Standard Basque
Standard Basque ( eu, euskara batua or simply ''batua'') is a standardised version of the Basque language, developed by the Basque Language Academy in the late 1960s, which nowadays is the most widely and commonly spoken Basque-language version ...
. It would be possible to revive the Salazarese dialect to some degree by teaching its features to Batua speakers.
History
18th century
Some religious texts were written: the Christian doctrines of
Itzalle and
Orontze and texts published by
Satrustegi.
[Satrustegi, J M (1987). ''Euskal testu zaharrak'', Euskaltzaindia. .][Satrustegi, J M (1992)]
"Zaraitzuko euskararen lekukoak"
''Luis Villasanteri Omenaldia. Iker, 6'', Euskaltzaindia.
19th century
Apart from more religious texts, there is a wealth of significant research work by
Louis-Lucien Bonaparte
Louis Lucien Bonaparte (4 January 1813 – 3 November 1891) was a French philologist. The third son of Napoleon's second surviving brother, Lucien Bonaparte, he spent much of his life outside France for political reasons. After a brief politica ...
.
[ Bonaparte, L. L. (1872). ''Études sur les trois dialectes basques del vallées d’Aezcoa, de Salazar et de Roncal, tels qu’ils sont parlés à Aribe, à Jaurrieta et à Vidangoz'', Louis-Lucien Bonaparte.]
Pedro Jose Sanper translated the
Gospel of Matthew
The Gospel of Matthew), or simply Matthew. It is most commonly abbreviated as "Matt." is the first book of the New Testament of the Bible and one of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells how Israel's Messiah, Jesus, comes to his people and for ...
.
[Pagola, R M; Iribar, I eta Iribar, J J (1997)]
''Bonaparte ondareko eskuizkribuak - zaraitzera''
, Deustuko Unibertsitatea (Deiker), Euskal Ikaskuntzen Institutua. and Jose Urrutia undertook the translation of
Arturo Campion's “Orreaga”.
[Campion, A (1971)]
''Orreaga. Balada escrita en el dialecto guipuzcoano, acompañada de versiones a los dialectos bizcaino, labortano y suletino y de diez y ocho variedades dialectales de la region bascongada de Nabarra desde Olazagutia hasta Roncal''
Separated edition of the La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca, pg 101.
20th century
*Ziriako and Federiko Garralda wrote several articles in the magazine "Euskal Esnalea" in the local Basque of Zaraitzu between the years 1911 and 1925, covering different subjects: tales, riddles, passages, local history, veterinary science, traditions and games for children.
[Larrea, J M eta Diez de Ultzurrun, P (1985)]
''Nafarroako euskal idazleak (I)''
Pamiela. .[Barandiaran, A (1996)]
Iruñeko Udala. .
*
Azkue collected several proverbs and tales in Zaraitzu Basque in his works of Basque folklore and ethnography.
[Azkue, R M (1989). ''Euskalerriaren Yakintza. Literatura popular del País Vasco'', Euskaltzaindia & Espasa Calpe. .] Also he collected a significant amount of local words in his dictionary.
[Azkue, R M (1969). '' Diccionario vasco-español-frances (repr. facsimil)'', La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca. .]
*
Koldo Mitxelena
Koldo Mitxelena Elissalt () (also known as ''Luis Michelena''; 1915, Errenteria, Gipuzkoa – 11 October 1987, San Sebastián) was an eminent Basque linguist. He taught in the Department of Philology at the University of the Basque Country, a ...
studied thoroughly the dialect from 1958 onwards.
[ Mitxelena, K (1967). ''Notas fonologicas sobre el salacenco'', ASJU, 1.]
*
Jose Estornes Lasa collected the stories and passages of Zoilo Moso in 1969.
[Estornes, J (1985)]
''Zoilo’ren uzta. La cosecha de Zoilo''
''Fontes Linguae Vasconum (FLV)'', 45.
*Koldo Artola has published the audio recordings that he taped between 1975 and 2003 in Zaraitzu.
[Artola, K (2002-2005)]
"Zaraitzuera aztertzeko ekarpen berriak" (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 eta 10)
''Fontes Linguae Vasconum (FLV)'', 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 eta 102.
21st century
Aitor Arana has collected the testimonies of Basque-speakers of Zaraitzu, published a dictionary of the dialect in 2001,
[Arana, A (2001). ''Zaraitzuko Hiztegia'', Nafarroako Gobernua eta Hiria Liburuak. .] and next year a book of grammar.
[Arana, A (2002). ''Zaraitzuko Uskara. Zaraitzuera ikasteko liburua'', Nafarroako Gobernua eta Hiria Liburuak. ] In 2004 he published a collection of texts and he gave some curses of the local Basque in the Valley.
[Arana, A (2004). ''Nafarroako Euskalkiak. Zaraitzuera. Irakurgaiak'', Hiria Liburuak, (2004). ] The work of the researcher Inaki Camino should be mentioned as well.
[Camino, I (1997). ''Aezkoako euskararen azterketa dialektologikoa'', Nafarroako Gobernua. .][Camino, I (1998]
''Nafarroako Hizkerak''
Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea. .[Several articles in the journa]
''Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta''
/ref>
Text
References
{{reflist
Basque dialects