The Salamis Tablet is a marble
counting board (an early counting device) dating from around 300 BC, that was discovered on the island of
Salamis in 1846. A precursor to the
abacus, it is thought that it represents an
ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...
means of performing mathematical calculations common in the ancient world. Pebbles ( la, calculi) were placed at various locations and could be moved as calculations were performed. The marble tablet itself has dimensions of approximately 150 × 75 × 4.5 cm.
Discovery
Originally thought to be a gaming board, the slab of
white marble is currently at the
Epigraphical Museum
The Epigraphical Museum ( el, Επιγραφικόν μουσείον) of Athens, Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, a ...
in
Athens
Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...
.
Description
Five groups of markings appear on the tablet. The three sets of Greek symbols arranged along the left, right and bottom edges of the tablet are numbers from the
acrophonic system. In the center of the tablet – a set of five parallel lines equally divided by a vertical line, capped with a semicircle at the intersection of the bottom-most horizontal line and the single vertical line. Below a wide horizontal crack is another group of eleven parallel lines. These are divided into two sections by a line perpendicular to them but with the semicircle at the top of the intersection; the third, sixth and ninth of these lines are marked with a cross where they intersect with the vertical line.
Numerical representations
As with an abacus, pebbles represent small numbers (generally between zero and four) and a system of lines serves to group them by
powers of ten
A power of 10 is any of the integer exponentiation, powers of the number 10 (number), ten; in other words, ten multiplication, multiplied by itself a certain number of times (when the power is a positive integer). By definition, the number one is ...
. A pebble between the lines represents half the value of a pebble on the line above it. So a pebble on the first line represents a 1; above the first line is a 5; second line is 10; above the second line is 50; etc.
The vertical line divides positive and negative portions of the Salamis Tablet. Pebbles on the right side of the vertical line represent positive digits and those on the left side of the line represent negative digits.
A complete number is composed of various pebbles on lines and spaces, both on the positive and negative sides. For example, the number 4 might be represented as a pebble above the right side of the first line plus a pebble on the left side of the first line; the pebble on the right side lies between the first and second lines so it counts as a +5, whereas the pebble on the left side of the first line represents a −1, so the two pebbles together represent +4. Likewise, the number 90 might be represented as a pebble on the right side of the third line plus a pebble on the left side of the second line. Note that this way of representing
integer
An integer is the number zero (), a positive natural number (, , , etc.) or a negative integer with a minus sign (−1, −2, −3, etc.). The negative numbers are the additive inverses of the corresponding positive numbers. In the language ...
s corresponds to the set-theoretic (or
foundational
Foundationalism concerns philosophical theories of knowledge resting upon non-inferential justified belief, or some secure foundation of certainty such as a conclusion inferred from a basis of sound premises.Simon Blackburn, ''The Oxford Dictio ...
) construction of the integers as ordered pairs of
natural number
In mathematics, the natural numbers are those numbers used for counting (as in "there are ''six'' coins on the table") and ordering (as in "this is the ''third'' largest city in the country").
Numbers used for counting are called ''Cardinal n ...
s. (Cf.
balanced ternary
Balanced ternary is a ternary numeral system (i.e. base 3 with three digits) that uses a balanced signed-digit representation of the integers in which the digits have the values −1, 0, and 1. This stands in contrast to the standard (unbalance ...
.)
Calculations
On this board, physical markers (indicators) were placed on the various rows or columns that represented different values. The indicators were not physically attached to the board.
On the tablet Greek numbers are represented. Already in the Ionian time period number systems were responsible for the written use, which became necessary because of the expanding commercial activity.
Two different number systems were developed, the older
Attic or Herodian number system and the younger,
Milesian system.
The two number systems differed in their use: the Attic predominantly served the commercial life for the adjustment of funds and goods data as well as for the designation of the columns on the abacus. For written calculations the Attic numeral system was unsuitable. The Milesian number system, with which one likewise assigned numbers to letters of the alphabet, was better suited for scientific mathematics. For example, Archimedes and
Diophantus
Diophantus of Alexandria ( grc, Διόφαντος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; born probably sometime between AD 200 and 214; died around the age of 84, probably sometime between AD 284 and 298) was an Alexandrian mathematician, who was the aut ...
used the Milesian system.
The Greek writer
Herodotus
Herodotus ( ; grc, , }; BC) was an ancient Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria ( Italy). He is known f ...
(485–425 BC) reports in his travels through Egypt that the Egyptians calculated from right to left, contrary to the Greek custom of left to right. This may refer to moving pebbles on the counting board.
See also
*
Roman abacus
References
Further reading
*
*
External links
*{{cite web
, title = Abacus History, The Salamis Tablet
, work = The Art of Calculating With Beads
, first = Luis
, last = Fernandes
, url = http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/history.html#salamis
, access-date = Aug 12, 2013
Greek mathematics
Abacus
Archaeological discoveries in Greece
1846 archaeological discoveries