Salamandridae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

salamander Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by their lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. All ten ...

s consisting of true salamanders and

newt A newt is a salamander in the subfamily Pleurodelinae. The terrestrial juvenile phase is called an eft. Unlike other members of the family Salamandridae, newts are semiaquatic, alternating between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Not all aqua ...

s. Salamandrids are distinguished from other salamanders by the lack of rib or costal grooves along the sides of their bodies and by their rough skin. Their skin is very granular because of the number of poison glands. They also lack nasolabial grooves. Most species of Salamandridae have moveable eyelids but lack lacrimal glands. Nearly all salamandrids produce a potent toxin in their skin, with some species being deadly to many other animal species. With a few exceptions, salamandrids have patterns of bright and contrasting colours, most of these are to warn potential predators of their toxicity. They have four well-developed limbs, with four toes on the fore limbs, and (in most cases) five toes on the hind limbs. They vary from in length. Many species within this family reproduce by method of internal fertilization. Additionally, there are many species-specific courtship rituals that males perform to attract mates. These courtship rituals often employ pheromones to induce mating behavior in females. Pheromones have been discovered to be the driving force behind female mating responses in Alpine newts. These pheromones can induce behavior even when male visual epidemic characters and courtship dances are absent. All species within the genus ''Lyciasalamandra'' are viviparous, meaning they give birth to live young, without a

tadpole A tadpole is the larval stage in the biological life cycle of an amphibian. Most tadpoles are fully aquatic, though some species of amphibians have tadpoles that are terrestrial. Tadpoles have some fish-like features that may not be found i ...

stage. There are some species within the genus ''Salamandra'' are known to be viviparous too''.'' Some newts are

neotenic Neoteny (), also called juvenilization,Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT. is the delaying or slowing of the physiological, or somatic, development of an organism, typically an animal. Neoteny is found in modern humans compared ...

, being able to reproduce before they are fully metamorphosed. The females of many species can store sperm for up to 6 months at a time.

Toxicity

The genus ''Taricha'' use the poison

tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin. Its name derives from Tetraodontiformes, an order that includes pufferfish, porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; several of these species carry the toxin. Although tetrodotoxin was discovered ...

(TTX) that binds and blocks voltage-gated sodium channels (Na_v) in nerves and muscles. This blockage causes the cessation of action potentials, leading to paralysis and death. Tetrodotoxin is the most toxic non-protein substance known. The Rough-Skinned Newt (''Taricha granulosa)'' uses tetrodotoxin and is considered the most poisonous species of Newt. There are species and sub-species of ''Taricha'' that live in concurrent regions with a garter snake (''Thamnophis)'' that has developed a resistance to the TTX poisoning. Species that inhabit regions with resistant ''Thamnophis'' snakes have evolved to increase their concentrations of TTX in an evolutionary arms race of predator versus prey.

Conservation Status (IUCN Redlist)

Phylogeny

Cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...

s based on the work of Pyron and Wiens (2011) and modified using Mikko Haaramo

Taxonomy

The genus ''Salamandrina'' is the only member of the subfamily Salamandrininae, and the

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

''Chioglossa'', ''Lyciasalamandra'', ''Mertensiella'', and ''Salamandra'' are grouped in the subfamily Salamandrinae, with sixteen other genera comprising the subfamily Pleurodelinae. Those with a more thoroughly aquatic lifestyle are referred to as "newts", but this is not a formal taxonomic description. Family SALAMANDRIDAE *Subfamily Pleurodelinae **Genus ''

Calotriton ''Calotriton'', or the European brook newts, is a genus of newts native to the Pyrenees and central Catalonia ( Catalan Pre-coastal Range). These amphibians were formerly placed within genus ''Euproctus'', but the genus was resurrected in 2005. I ...

'' - two species ***'' Calotriton arnoldi'' Carranza & Amat, 2005 ***'' Calotriton asper'' (Dugès, 1852) **Genus '' Cynops'' (fire belly newts) - ten species ***'' Cynops chenggongensis'' Kou and Xing, 1983 ***'' Cynops cyanurus'' Liu, Hu, and Yang, 1962 ***'' Cynops ensicauda'' (Hallowell, 1861) ***'' Cynops fudingensis'' Wu, Wang, Jiang, and Hanken, 2010 ***'' Cynops glaucus'' Yuan, Jiang, Ding, Zhang, and Che, 2013 ***'' Cynops orientalis'' (David, 1873) ***'' Cynops orphicus'' Risch, 1983 ***''

Cynops pyrrhogaster The Japanese fire-bellied newt or Japanese fire-bellied salamander (''Cynops pyrrhogaster'') is a species of newt endemic to Japan. The skin on its upper body is dark, while its lower regions are bright red, although coloration varies with age, ...

'' (Boie, 1826) ***''

Cynops wolterstorffi The Yunnan lake newt (''Cynops wolterstorffi'') is an extinct species of newt in the family Salamandridae, and was also known as Wolterstorff's newt. It was only found near the Kunming Lake in Yunnan, China. It was found in shallow lake waters ...

'' (Boulenger, 1905) ***'' Cynops yunnanensis'' Yang, 1983 **Genus '' Echinotriton'' - three species ***'' Echinotriton andersoni'' (Boulenger, 1892) ***'' Echinotriton chinhaiensis'' (Chang, 1932) ***'' Echinotriton maxiquadratus'' Hou, Wu, Yang, Zheng, Yuan, and Li, 2014 **Genus ''

Euproctus ''Euproctus'', the European mountain salamanders, is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae from Sardinia and Corsica. Species There are two species: The Pyrenean brook salamander used to be included in this genus as ''Euproctus a ...

'' - two species ***'' Euproctus montanus'' (Savi, 1838) ***'' Euproctus platycephalus'' (Gravenhorst, 1829) **Genus '' Ichthyosaura'' - one species ***'' Ichthyosaura alpestris'' (Laurenti, 1768) **Genus ''

Laotriton The Laos warty newt (''Laotriton laoensis'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found only in the Saysomboun Special Zone and Phou Kout District in Xiangkhouang Province, Laos. Its natural habitats are subtropical o ...

'' - one species ***'' Laotriton laoensis'' (Stuart & Papenfuss, 2002) **Genus ''

Lissotriton ''Lissotriton'' is a genus of newts native to Europe and parts of Asia Minor. As most other newts, they are aquatic as larvae and during breeding time but live in terrestrial, humid environments over the rest of the season. These rather small sp ...

'' - ten species ***''

Lissotriton boscai Boscá's newt (''Lissotriton boscai'', formerly ''Triturus boscai'' ), also known as the Iberian newt, is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. The species is found in Portugal and western Spain. Etymology The specific name ''boscai'' ...

'' (Lataste, 1879) ***''

Lissotriton graecus The Greek smooth newt or Greek newt (''Lissotriton graecus'') is a newt species found in the southern Balkans, from southern Croatia ( Dalmatia) over Montenegro, Albania and North Macedonia to Greece and south-westernmost Bulgaria. Willy Wolter ...

'' (Wolterstorff, 1906) ***''

Lissotriton helveticus The palmate newt (''Lissotriton helveticus'') is a species of newt found in Western Europe, from Great Britain to the northern Iberian peninsula. It is long and olive or brown with some dark spots. The underside is yellow to orange, and the thr ...

'' (Razoumovsky, 1789) ***''

Lissotriton italicus The Italian newt (''Lissotriton italicus'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only in Italy. The species can be found in temperate forests, temperate shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, freshwater lakes, ...

'' (Peracca, 1898) ***''

Lissotriton kosswigi ''Lissotriton'' is a genus of newts native to Europe and parts of Asia Minor. As most other newts, they are aquatic as larvae and during breeding time but live in terrestrial, humid environments over the rest of the season. These rather small sp ...

'' (Freytag, 1955) ***''

Lissotriton lantzi ''Lissotriton'' is a genus of newts native to Europe and parts of Asia Minor. As most other newts, they are aquatic as larvae and during breeding time but live in terrestrial, humid environments over the rest of the season. These rather small sp ...

'' (Wolterstorff, 1914) ***''

Lissotriton maltzani ''Lissotriton'' is a genus of newts native to Europe and parts of Asia Minor. As most other newts, they are aquatic as larvae and during breeding time but live in terrestrial, humid environments over the rest of the season. These rather small sp ...

'' (Boettger, 1879) ***''

Lissotriton montandoni The Carpathian newt, or Montandon’s newt, (''Lissotriton montandoni'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found in Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. The total length of adults of this species is aroun ...

'' (Boulenger, 1880) ***''

Lissotriton schmidtleri Schmidtler's smooth newt (''Lissotriton schmidtleri'') is a newt species found from northwestern Greece and southeast Bulgaria over East Thrace across the Bosphorus to northwest Anatolia. Its range borders that of the smooth newt (''L. vulgari ...

'' (Raxworthy, 1988) ***'' Lissotriton vulgaris'' (Linnaeus, 1758) **Genus '' Neurergus'' - five species ***'' Neurergus barani'' Öz, 1994 ***'' Neurergus crocatus'' Cope, 1862 ***'' Neurergus derjugini'' (Nesterov, 1916) ***'' Neurergus kaiseri'' Schmidt, 1952 ***'' Neurergus strauchii'' (Steindachner, 1887) **Genus ''

Notophthalmus ''Notophthalmus'' is a genus of newts. There are three species. The name derives from Greek ''νῶτον'' (''nōton''), meaning "back", and Greek ''ὀφθαλμός'' (''ophthalmos''), meaning "eye". Description ''Notophthalmus'' species are E ...

'' - three species ***'' Notophthalmus meridionalis'' (Cope, 1880) ***''

Notophthalmus perstriatus The striped newt (''Notophthalmus perstriatus'') is a species of aquatic salamander native to the southeastern United States. It is a close relative of the eastern newt, with which it shares territory, and can be distinguished from the latter b ...

'' (Bishop, 1941) ***''

Notophthalmus viridescens The eastern newt (''Notophthalmus viridescens'') is a common newt of eastern North America. It frequents small lakes, ponds, and streams or nearby wet forests. The eastern newt produces tetrodotoxin, which makes the species unpalatable to preda ...

'' (Rafinesque, 1820) **Genus ''

Ommatotriton ''Ommatotriton'' or ''banded newts'' is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. The genus occurs in Western Asia and Caucasus. The species in this genus were formerly placed in the genus ''Triturus ''Triturus'' is a genus of newt ...

'' - three species ***''

Ommatotriton nesterovi ''Ommatotriton'' or ''banded newts'' is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. The genus occurs in Western Asia and Caucasus. The species in this genus were formerly placed in the genus ''Triturus''. Taxonomy The genus contains thr ...

'' (Litvinchuk, Zuiderwijk, Borkin, and Rosanov, 2005) ***''

Ommatotriton ophryticus ''Ommatotriton ophryticus'', the northern banded newt, is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. It is found in northeastern Turkey and western Caucasus in Georgia, Armenia, and southern Russia. Taxonomy ''Ommatotriton ophryticus'' has ...

'' (Berthold, 1846) ***'' Ommatotriton vittatus'' (Gray, 1835) **Genus '' Pachytriton'' - ten species ***'' Pachytriton airobranchiatus'' Li, Yuan, Li, and Wu, 2018 ***'' Pachytriton archospotus'' Shen, Shen, and Mo, 2008 ***'' Pachytriton brevipes'' (Sauvage, 1876) ***'' Pachytriton changi'' Nishikawa, Matsui, and Jiang, 2012 ***'' Pachytriton feii'' Nishikawa, Jiang, and Matsui, 2011 ***'' Pachytriton granulosus'' Chang, 1933 ***'' Pachytriton inexpectatus'' Nishikawa, Jiang, Matsui, and Mo, 2011 ***'' Pachytriton moi'' Nishikawa, Jiang, and Matsui, 2011 ***'' Pachytriton wuguanfui'' Yuan, Zhang, and Che, 2016 ***'' Pachytriton xanthospilos'' Wu, Wang, and Hanken, 2012 **Genus ''

Paramesotriton ''Paramesotriton'', also known as warty newts or Asian warty newts, is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. The genus is found in southwestern and southern China and in northern Vietnam. Most of the species are endemic to China, an ...

'' - fourteen species ***''

Paramesotriton aurantius ''Paramesotriton'', also known as warty newts or Asian warty newts, is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. The genus is found in southwestern and southern China and in northern Vietnam. Most of the species are endemic to China, a ...

'' Yuan, Wu, Zhou, and Che, 2016 ***'' Paramesotriton caudopunctatus'' (Liu and Hu, 1973) ***''

Paramesotriton chinensis The Chinese warty newt (''Paramesotriton chinensis'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found only in China, with a range extending from Chongqing to Hunan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi Provinces ...

'' (Gray, 1859) ***'' Paramesotriton deloustali'' (Bourret, 1934) ***'' Paramesotriton fuzhongensis'' Wen, 1989 ***'' Paramesotriton guangxiensis'' (Huang, Tang, and Tang, 1983) ***''

Paramesotriton hongkongensis The Hong Kong warty newt or Hong Kong newt (''Paramesotriton hongkongensis'', see alsthe synonyms is a species of salamander found in Hong Kong. Once thought to be endemic to the territory, the species has also been found in the coastal parts of ...

'' (Myers and Leviton, 1962) ***''

Paramesotriton labiatus ''Paramesotriton labiatus'' is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to Guangxi, China. In literature prior to 2011, this species may have been confused with '' Paramesotriton chinensis'', '' Pachytriton granulosus'', or ...

'' (Unterstein, 1930) ***'' Paramesotriton longliensis'' Li, Tian, Gu, and Xiong, 2008 ***''

Paramesotriton maolanensis ''Paramesotriton maolanensis'' is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is known only from Maolan National Nature Reserve in Libo County, southern Guizhou, China. It is a relatively large member of its genus, reaching a total l ...

'' Gu, Chen, Tian, Li, and Ran, 2012 ***''

Paramesotriton qixilingensis ''Paramesotriton'', also known as warty newts or Asian warty newts, is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. The genus is found in southwestern and southern China and in northern Vietnam. Most of the species are endemic to China, a ...

'' Yan, Zhao, Jiang, Hou, He, Murphy, and Che, 2014 ***''

Paramesotriton wulingensis ''Paramesotriton'', also known as warty newts or Asian warty newts, is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. The genus is found in southwestern and southern China and in northern Vietnam. Most of the species are endemic to China, a ...

'' Wang, Tian, and Gu, 2013 ***''

Paramesotriton yunwuensis ''Paramesotriton yunwuensis'' is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to the Yunwu Mountains in Guangdong, southern China. Its type locality is near Nanchong village, Fuhe, Luoding Luoding, alternately romaniz ...

'' Wu, Jiang, and Hanken, 2010 ***''

Paramesotriton zhijinensis ''Paramesotriton zhijinensis'' is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found only in Shuangyan Pond (26°40’N 105°46’ E), 1310 m, Zhijin County, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China China, officially t ...

'' Li, Tian, and Gu, 2008 **Genus '' Pleurodeles'' - three species ***'' Pleurodeles nebulosus'' (Guichenot, 1850) ***''

Pleurodeles poireti ''Pleurodeles poireti'', the Edough ribbed newt or Poiret's newt, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found only in the Edough Massif, in the north east of Algeria. The natural habitats are of these newts are rivers, ...

'' (Gervais, 1836) ***'' Pleurodeles waltl'' Michahelles, 1830 **Genus ''

Taricha The genus ''Taricha'' consists of four species of highly toxic newts in the family Salamandridae. Their common name is Pacific newts, sometimes also western newts or roughskin newts. The four species within this genus are the California newt, t ...

'' - four species ***''

Taricha granulosa The rough-skinned newt or roughskin newt (''Taricha granulosa'') is a North American newt known for the strong toxin exuded from its skin. Appearance A stocky newt with rounded snout, it ranges from light brown to olive or brownish-black on t ...

'' (Skilton, 1849) ***''

Taricha rivularis The red-bellied newt (''Taricha rivularis'') is a newt that is native to coastal woodlands in northern California and is terrestrial for most of its life. Description When full grown, the red-bellied newt measures between from its nose to its v ...

'' (Twitty, 1935) ***''

Taricha sierrae The Sierra newt (''Taricha sierrae'') is a newt found west of the Sierra Nevada, from Shasta county to Tulare County, in California, Western North America. Its adult length can range from . Its skin produces a potent toxin. Subspecies The S ...

'' (Twitty, 1942) ***''

Taricha torosa The genus ''Taricha'' consists of four species of highly toxic newts in the family Salamandridae. Their common name is Pacific newts, sometimes also western newts or roughskin newts. The four species within this genus are the California newt, t ...

'' (Rathke, 1833) **Genus ''

Triturus ''Triturus'' is a genus of newts comprising the crested and the marbled newts, which are found from Great Britain through most of continental Europe to westernmost Siberia, Anatolia, and the Caspian Sea region. Their English names refer to thei ...

'' (crested newts) - nine species ***''

Triturus anatolicus The Anatolian crested newt (''Triturus anatolicus'') is a newt species endemic to northern Anatolia in Turkey. Before its description in 2016, it was first considered to belong to the southern crested newt (''Triturus karelinii'') and then the ...

'' Wielstra & Arntzen, 2016 ***''

Triturus carnifex The Italian crested newt (''Triturus carnifex'') is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. Habitat ''Triturus carnifex'' is found in parts of the Balkans and Italy. It is an aquatic breeder that can spend up to four months in the water ...

'' (Laurenti, 1768) ***''

Triturus cristatus The northern crested newt, great crested newt or warty newt (''Triturus cristatus'') is a newt species native to Great Britain, northern and central continental Europe and parts of Western Siberia. It is a large newt, with females growing up to ...

'' (Laurenti, 1768) ***''

Triturus dobrogicus The Danube crested newt or Danube newt (''Triturus dobrogicus'') is a species of newt found in central and eastern Europe, along the basin of the Danube river and some of its tributaries and in the Dnieper delta. It has a smaller and more slender ...

'' (Kiritzescu, 1768) ***''

Triturus ivanbureschi The Balkan crested newt or Buresch's crested newt (''Triturus ivanbureschi'') is a newt species of the crested newt species complex in genus ''Triturus'', found in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia. It was originally described as a subspecies o ...

'' Arntzen & Wielstra, 2013 ***''

Triturus karelinii The southern crested newt (''Triturus karelinii'') is a terrestrial European newt. It is similar to the northern crested newt (''Triturus cristatus'') except larger and more robust. In 2013, the Balkan-Anatolian crested newt (''Triturus ivanbure ...

'' (Strauch, 1870) ***''

Triturus macedonicus ''Triturus macedonicus'', the Macedonian crested newt, is a newt species of the crested newt species complex in genus ''Triturus'', found in the Western Balkan peninsula ( Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, North Macedonia, north-western Greece and sou ...

'' (Karaman, 1922) ***''

Triturus marmoratus The marbled newt (''Triturus marmoratus'') is a mainly terrestrial newt native to western Europe. They are found in the Iberian Peninsula and France, where they typically inhabit mountainous areas. Habitat and distribution The marbled newt is ty ...

'' (Latreille, 1800) ***'' Triturus pygmaeus'' (Wolterstorff, 1905) **Genus ''

Tylototriton ''Tylototriton'' is a genus of newt A newt is a salamander in the subfamily Pleurodelinae. The terrestrial juvenile phase is called an eft. Unlike other members of the family Salamandridae, newts are semiaquatic, alternating between aquatic ...

'' (crocodile newts) - twenty-five species ***''

Tylototriton anguliceps The angular-headed newt (''Tylototriton anguliceps''), also known as angular-headed crocodile newt, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae from Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. Its unique orange markings help to distinguish it from ...

'' Le, Nguyen, Nishikawa, Nguyen, Pham, Matsui, Bernardes, and Nguyen, 2015 ***'' Tylototriton anhuiensis'' Qian, Sun, Li, Guo, Pan, Kang, Wang, Jiang, Wu, and Zhang, 2017 ***''

Tylototriton asperrimus The black knobby newt (''Tylototriton asperrimus'') is a species of salamanders in the family Salamandridae found in China and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist monta ...

'' Unterstein, 1930 ***'' Tylototriton broadoridgus'' Shen, Jiang, and Mo, 2012 ***'' Tylototriton dabienicus'' Chen, Wang, and Tao, 2010 ***''

Tylototriton hainanensis The Hainan knobby newt (''Tylototriton hainanensis'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is found only in the island of Hainan, China. It is known from the Wuzhi Mountains, Diaoluoshan, and Jianfengling. All these locati ...

'' Fei, Ye, and Yang, 1984 ***'' Tylototriton himalayanus'' Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel, and Jiang, 2015 ***'' Tylototriton kachinorum'' Zaw, Lay, Pawangkhanant, Gorin, and Poyarkov, 2019 ***'' Tylototriton kweichowensis'' Fang and Chang, 1932 ***'' Tylototriton liuyangensis'' Yang, Jiang, Shen, and Fei, 2014 ***'' Tylototriton lizhengchangi'' Hou, Zhang, Jiang, Li and Lu, 2012 ***'' Tylototriton ngarsuensis'' Grismer, Wood, Quah, Thura, Espinoza, Grismer, Murdoch, and Lin, 2018 ***'' Tylototriton notialis'' Stuart, Phimmachak, Sivongxay, and Robichaud, 2010 ***''

Tylototriton panhai ''Tylototriton panhai'' is a newt found in Thailand and Laos. It was recently distinguished from '' Tylototriton shanjing'' (emperor newt) by Nishikawa et al., 2013. The specific name, ''panhai'', is in honour of Somsak Panha of Department of ...

'' Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote, and Matsui, 2013 ***'' Tylototriton podichthys'' Phimmachak, Aowphol, and Stuart, 2015 ***'' Tylototriton pseudoverrucosus'' Hou, Gu, Zhang, Zeng, and Lu, 2012 ***'' Tylototriton shanjing'' Nussbaum, Brodie, and Yang, 1995 ***'' Tylototriton shanorum'' Nishikawa, Matsui, and Rao, 2014 ***'' Tylototriton taliangensis'' Liu, 1950 ***''

Tylototriton uyenoi ''Tylototriton uyenoi'', the Chiang Mai crocodile newt, is a newt endemic to Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. It was distinguished from '' Tylototriton shanjing'', the emperor newt, in 2013. The species was named in honor of herpetologist Shun-ichi ...

'' Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote, and Matsui, 2013 ***''

Tylototriton verrucosus ''Tylototriton verrucosus'' is a species of newt found in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Common names include: Himalayan newt, crocodile newt, crocodile salamander, Himalayan salamander, red knobby newt. Description This newt can ...

'' Anderson, 1871 ***''

Tylototriton vietnamensis ''Tylototriton vietnamensis'', the Vietnamese crocodile newt or Vietnamese knobby newt, is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. It is known from four localities in northern Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), offi ...

'' Böhme, Schöttler, Nguyen, and Köhler, 2005 ***''

Tylototriton wenxianensis The Wenxian knobby newt or Wenxian knobby salamander (''Tylototriton wenxianensis'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to central China (southern Gansu and adjacent northern Sichuan, isolated records from Gu ...

'' Fei, Ye, and Yang, 1984 ***''

Tylototriton yangi ''Tylototriton yangi'' is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae endemic to southern Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has ...

'' Hou, Zhang, Zhou, Li, and Lu, 2012 ***'' Tylototriton ziegleri'' Nishikawa, Matsui, and Nguyen, 2013 *Subfamily Salamandrinae **Genus ''Chioglossa'' - one species ***'' Chioglossa lusitanica'' Bocage, 1864 **Genus ''

Lyciasalamandra ''Lyciasalamandra'' is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae. They are native to southwestern coast of Turkey and nearby Aegean Islands (Greece). As of early 2018, all species in the genus are threatened. The common name Lycian sal ...

'' - seven species ***'' Lyciasalamandra antalyana'' (Başoğlu and Baran, 1976) ***'' Lyciasalamandra atifi'' (Başoğlu, 1967) ***'' Lyciasalamandra billae'' (Franzen and Klewen, 1987) ***''

Lyciasalamandra fazilae ''Lyciasalamandra fazilae'', or Fazila's salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only in Turkey. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. It is threatened by habitat lo ...

'' (Başoğlu and Atatür, 1975 "1974") ***'' Lyciasalamandra flavimembris'' (Mutz and Steinfartz, 1995) ***''

Lyciasalamandra helverseni ''Lyciasalamandra helverseni'', the Karpathos salamander, is a species of salamander Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by their lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting ...

'' (Pieper, 1963) ***'' Lyciasalamandra luschani'' (Steindachner, 1891) **Genus ''Mertensiella'' - one species ***'' Mertensiella caucasica'' (Waga, 1876) **Genus ''

Salamandra ''Salamandra'' is a genus of seven species of salamanders localized in central and southern Europe, Northern Africa, and western Asia. List of species References External links Salamandraat Fauna Europaea * Salamandraat Animal Diversity W ...

'' (fire salamanders) - seven species ***''

Salamandra algira ''Salamandra'' is a genus of seven species of salamanders localized in central and southern Europe, Northern Africa, and western Asia. List of species References External links Salamandraat Fauna Europaea * Salamandraat Animal Diversity W ...

'' Bedriaga, 1883 ***''

Salamandra atra The alpine salamander (''Salamandra atra'') is a black salamander that can be found in the French Alps, and through the mountainous range in Europe. It is a member of the genus ''salamandra''. Their species name, ''atra'', may be derived from the ...

'' Laurenti, 1768 ***''

Salamandra corsica The Corsican fire salamander (''Salamandra corsica'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only on the island of Corsica as an endemic species. In former times, this species was known as a subspecies of the widespread bu ...

'' Savi, 1838 ***''

Salamandra infraimmaculata The Near Eastern fire salamander (''Salamandra infraimmaculata''), in Arabic ''arouss al-ayn'', is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found in Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel. Its natural habitats are subtropica ...

'' Martens, 1885 ***''

Salamandra lanzai Lanza's alpine salamander or the large alpine salamander (''Salamandra lanzai'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae, found in France and Italy. Its natural habitats are forests, grasslands, and pasturelands, all of which are t ...

'' Nascetti, Andreone, Capula, and Bullini, 1988 ***''

Salamandra longirostris ''Salamandra longirostris'', the Penibetic salamander or long-snouted salamander, is a species of urodelan amphibian of the family Salamandridae. It is endemic to the Penibetic mountain range in Andalusia, Spain. It was originally described as ...

'' Joger and Steinfartz, 1994 ***'' Salamandra salamandra'' (Linnaeus, 1758) *Subfamily Salamandrininae **Genus '' Salamandrina''- two species ***''

Salamandrina perspicillata ''Salamandrina perspicillata'', the northern spectacled salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only in Italy. The IUCN Red List follows Mattoccia et al. (2005) and Canestrelli et al. (2006) in separating ''Salam ...

'' (Savi, 1821) ***''

Salamandrina terdigitata The spectacled salamander (''Salamandrina terdigitata'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. This species is found only in the southern Apennine Range in Italy in humid valleys and shady, overgrown hillsides at altitudes bet ...

'' (Bonnaterre, 1789)

Fossil record

Salamandrids have a substantial fossil record spanning most of the Cenozoic. The oldest known fossils date from the

Thanetian The Thanetian is, in the ICS Geologic timescale, the latest age or uppermost stratigraphic stage of the Paleocene Epoch or Series. It spans the time between . The Thanetian is preceded by the Selandian Age and followed by the Ypresian Age ( ...

(

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), E ...

), but these, and most other known fossil salamandrids apparently belong to the

crown group In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. ...

. The sole known stem-salamandrid is ''Phosphotriton sigei'', from the

Quercy Phosphorites Formation The Quercy Phosphorites Formation ( French: ''Phosphorites du Quercy'') is a geologic formation and Lagerstätte in Occitanie, southern France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period ( latest Bartonian to Late Oligocene),

, which apparently dates from the Middle to Late

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...

References

External links

Tree of Life: SalamandridaeLiving Under WorldTylototriton.org
{{Authority control Salamandroidea Amphibian families Taxa named by Georg August Goldfuss