Sakai Tadanao

The was a '' Fudai'' feudal domain of the Edo period of Japan. It is located in Wakasa Province, in the Hokuriku region of the island Honshū. The domain was centered at Obama Castle, located in the center of what is now the city of Obama in Fukui Prefecture.

History

Obama was an important seaport from ancient times due to its proximity to the capital of Japan. In the Sengoku period, the Wakasa Province was controlled by a number of local warlords, including a branch of the Takeda clan. Under Toyotomi Hideyoshi, it had been awarded to Hideyoshi's nephew, Kinoshita Katsutoshi. Kinoshita did not participate in the decisive Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and was deprived of Obama by the victorious Tokugawa Ieyasu because he had not actively supported the winning side.

Under the Kyōgoku clan

With the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa Ieyasu awarded all of the Wakasa Province to Kyōgoku Takatsugu as a reward for his leadership during the Siege of Ōtsu. Papinot, Edmond. (2003)
''Nobiliare du Japon'', pp. 27–28.
/ref> In the same week as the Battle of Sekigahara, Takatsugu failed to hold Ōtsu Castle; but the outcome at Sekigahara marginalized any adverse consequences of his defeat. By moving Takatsugu to Obama, the shogunate effectively acknowledged that Takatsugu's role in the victory at Sekigahara was critical. The siege took men away from the massed array of forces the Tokugawa faced at Sekigahara, which meant that the attackers at Ōtsu were unavailable to augment the anti-Tokugawa army at Sekigahara.

In 1607, Takatsugu's son Tadataka married the fourth daughter of Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada. Two years later, Tadataka became ''daimyō'' when his father died in 1609. Tadataka was transferred to the Matsue Domain in Izumo Province in 1634.

Under the Kyōgoku clan, Obama was rebuilt into a ''jōkamachi'' and a center for the ''kitamaebune'' coastal trade network between Ezo and the Kansai region. The Kyōgoku also began construction of Obama Castle, but it was still uncompleted at the time of their transfer.

Under the Sakai clan

In 1634, Sakai Tadakatsu from a cadet branch of the Sakai clan at the Kawagoe Domain in Musashi Province became ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain.Papinot, pp. 50-51. Tadakatsu was one of the shogunate's top officials who served on the ''rōjū'' council, and later as its head, or ''Tairō''. The ''kokudaka'' of the domain under his tenure reached 123,500 ''koku''. Tadakatsu did much to establish the domain's governance and to ensure its strength and stability. He implemented a taxation system and installed town magistrates (''machi-bugyō'') and local governors. The Sakai clan continued to rule Obama for fourteen generations over 237 years to the end of the Edo period.

He was succeeded in the domain by his fourth son, Sakai Tadanao. In 1668, Tadanao reduced the domain by creating the 10,000 ''koku'' Awa-Katsuyama Domain out of the domain's exclaves in Awa Province for his nephew. He also separated out the 10,000 ''koku'' Tsuruga Domain in 1682 from the domain's territory in Echizen Province for his son. After another 3000 ''koku'' was given to his fifth son Sakai Tadane, the domain's ''kokudaka'' was reduced to 103,500 ''koku''.

Under the Sakai, the domain enjoyed relative peace and stability. However, a flood ravaged the domain in 1735 and famine set in, as it did in many other areas at this time. The peasants sought aid from their lord, but their cries went unheeded for a long time. In 1770, there was a peasant revolt. Efforts were made to shore up the domain's finances and to relieve the peasant's suffering, but famine struck again several decades later in 1836.

The seventh Sakai ''daimyō'', Sakai Takamochi, held a number of important posts within the Tokugawa shogunate, including ''Osaka jōdai'' and ''Kyoto Shoshidai'', and the 10th Sakai ''daimyō'', Sakai Takayuki was also ''Kyoto Shoshidai'' and a ''rōjū''.

The twelfth Sakai ''daimyō'', Sakai Tadaaki, also served as ''Kyoto Shoshidai'' and worked with Ii Naosuke to implement the '' Kōbu gattai'' between the shogunate and the Imperial Court and suppress the Mito rebellion led by Takeda Kōunsai and other pro-Sonnō jōi partisans in Kyoto. He retired in 1862, but returned to power under the new name Sakai Tadayoshi after the defeat of the shogunate in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi in the 1868 Boshin War to lead the domain into the pro-imperial cause. He was appointed imperial governor of Wakasa under the new Meiji government, ruling until the abolition of the han system in 1871.

Bakumatsu period holdings

Unlike most ''fudai'' domains in the han system that consisted of discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned ''kokudaka'', based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields,Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987)
''Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century,'' p. 18
Obama Domain controlled all of the province of Wakasa, and some scattered small holdings in neighbouring Echizen and Omi.

*Wakasa Province
**122 villages in Onyū District
**73 villages in Ōi District
**58 villages in Mikata District
*Echizen Province
**5 villages in Nanjō District
**6 villages in Imadate District
**38 villages in Tsuruga District
*Ōmi Province
**5 villages in Takashima District

List of ''daimyō''

Sakai Tadakatsu

was ''daimyō'' of the Fukaya Domain and then the Kawagoe Domain, before becoming the 1st Sakai ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He was the son of Sakai Tadatoshi, a hereditary retainer of Tokugawa Ieyasu. He served Tokugawa Hidetada during the Siege of Ueda and later served Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu, who promoted him to ''rōjū'' in 1624. In 1634, he was transferred to Obama and completed the construction of Obama Castle. He retired from public life in 1656 and died in 1662. His grave is at the clan temple of Kuin-ji in Obama.

Sakai Tadanao

was the 2nd ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He was the fourth son of Sakai Tadakatsu, and was given the courtesy title of ''Shuri-Daiyu'' in 1644. He was proclaimed heir in 1649 when his elder brother, Sakai Tadatomo was disinherited for unknown reasons and exiled to a distant exclave of the domain in Awa Province. He became ''daimyō'' on his father's retirement in 1656. In 1668, he reorganized the domain's exclave in Awa Province to create the 10,000 ''koku'' Awa-Katsuyama Domain for his nephew, Sakai Tadakuni. During his tenure, he continued the policies of his father in organizing the domain government and codifying its law, flood control, and new rice land development, as well as encouraging education and literature. He died in Obama in 1682. His wife was a daughter of Matsudaura Sadayori of the Iyo-Matsuyama Domain.

Sakai Tadataka

was the 3rd ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He was the eldest son of Sakai Tadanao, and served as a ''sōshaban'' in 1681. He became ''daimyō'' on his father's death in 1682, as which time he separated a 10,000 ''koku'' holding for his younger brother Sakai Tadashige in accordance with his father's will, forming the Tsuruga Domain. His courtesy title was ''Tōtōmi-no-kami''. He died at Obama in 1686. His wife was a daughter of Shimazu Tsunahisa of Satsuma Domain.

Sakai Tadasono

was the 4th ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He was the eldest son of Sakai Tadataka, and became ''daimyō'' on his father's death in 1686. His courtesy title was ''Yukie-no-suke''. In 1697, he was ordered by the shogunate to supervise the transfer of power of Tsuyama Domain to Matsudaira Naoakira, formerly of the Ōno Domain. He died at Obama in 1706 without heir. His wife was a daughter of Doi Toshimasu of the Karasu Domain.

Sakai Tadaoto

was the 5th ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He was the younger son of Sakai Tadashige of Tsuruga Domain, and was adopted as heir by Sakai Tadasono on his deathbed in 1706. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, and was confirmed as ''daimyō'', receiving the courtesy title of ''Shuri-daifu'' the same year. From 1718 to 1722 he was appointed simultaneously as a ''sōshaban'' and ''jisha-bugyō''. In 1723, he became ''Osaka jōdai'' and his courtesy title was changed to ''Sanuki-no-kami'' and his court rank was increased from Lower 5th, Junior grade to Lower 4th, Junior grade. He was promoted to ''rōjū'' in 1728 and gained the additional courtesy title of ''Jijū''. On July 7, 1735 he suddenly fell ill and died while in office the following day. His wife was a daughter of Arima Yorimoto of the Kurume Domain.

Sakai Tadaakira

was the 6th ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He was the third son of Sakai Tadaoto by a concubine. As both his legitimate elder brothers died in infancy, he became ''daimyō'' in 1735 on the death of his father. His courtesy name was ''Bingo-no-kami''. He died in 1740 at the age of 21 without an heir.

Sakai Tadamochi

was the 7th ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He was the fifth son of Sakai Tadaoto by a concubine, and became ''daimyō'' in 1740 upon the death of his elder brother. HIs courtesy title was ''Shuri-daiyu'', and his wife was a daughter of Matsudaira Sadanori of the Takada Domain. In 1741 he was appointed simultaneously as a ''sōshaban'' and ''jisha-bugyō'', and later the same year, he became ''Osaka jōdai''. In 1747 his courtesy title was changed to ''Sanuki-no-kami'' and his court rank was increased from Lower 5th, Junior grade to Lower 4th, Junior grade. From 1752-1756 he was appointed ''Kyoto Shoshidai'', and he added the title of ''Jijū'' to his honorifics. He retired from public office in 1757, and his title was changed to ''Sakyō-daifu''. He died in 1775 without a male heir.

Sakai Tadayoshi

was the 8th ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He became ''daimyō'' in 1757 on the retirement of his elder brother. His courtesy title was ''Tōtōmi-no-kami''. He died in 1762.

Sakai Tadatsura

was the 9th ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He was the eldest son of Sakai Tadayoshi and was born at the clan residence in Edo. He became ''daimyō'' in 1762 on the death of his father, and was awarded the courtesy title of''Shuri-daiyu'' and Lower 5th, Junior grade court rank the following year. His wife was the daughter of Date Munemura of the Sendai Domain; however, he later remarried to a daughter of the ''kuge'' Koga Michie and then a daughter of the ''kuge'' Ōinomikado Ienaga. From 1783, the domain was hit with crop failures and fell into severe debt. Despite these difficulties, his court rank advanced to Lower 4th, Junior grade in 1784. In 1792, he was ordered to bolster the defences of Nemuro after incursions by a French warship in violation of Japan's national isolation policy. He died in 1806.

Sakai Tadayuki

was the 10th ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He was the seventh son of Sakai Tadaka of Tsuruga Domain and was posthumously adopted as heir on the death of Sakai Tadatsura in 1806. His wife was a daughter of Okudaira Masashika of the Nakatsu Domain. In 1808, he became ''jisha-bugyō'' and from 1808 to 1815 served as ''Kyoto Shoshidai''. In 1815, he was ordered to oversee the reconstruction of the 5-story pagoda at Nikkō Tōshō-gū, which had been destroyed by a fire. Later that year, he was promoted to ''rōjū'', holding that post until his death in 1828.

Sakai Tadayori

was the 11th ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He was the younger son of Sakai Tadatsura, but because of his youth at the time of his father's death, his uncle Sakai Takayuki from the Tsuruga Domain was made ''daimyō'' instead. The succession reverted to Tadayori on Takayuki's death in 1828. He inherited a domain with over 300,000 ''ryō'' in debt. Through fiscal reforms he was initially able to reduce this by 100,000 ''ryō'', but the domain economy collapsed in 1833 due to crop failures. He resigned his office in 1834. His wife was a daughter of Matsudaira Sadakuni of the Iyo-Matsuyama Domain.

Sakai Tadaaki / Sakai Takatoshi

was the 12th and the 14th ''daimyō'' of the Obama Domain. He was the fifth son of Sakai Tadayuki, and became ''daimyō'' in 1834 when Sakai Tadayori retired. His wife was a daughter of Matsudaiara Terunobu of the Takasaki Domain. In 1840, he was given the courtesy title of ''Wakasa-no-kami'' and Lower 4th, Junior grade court rank. In 1842, was appointed simultaneously as a ''sōshaban'' and ''jisha-bugyō''. The following year he was appointed ''Kyoto Shoshidai'' and he added the title of ''Jijū'' to his honorific. He resigned as ''Kyoto Shoshidai'' in 1850 but was reappointed in 1858, and many of the events which occurred in Kyoto during the tumultuous Bakumatsu period occurred while he was at Kyoto. He resigned as ''Kyoto Shoshidai'' and ''daimyō'' in 1862 and went into retirement, changing his name to Tadatoshi (忠禄). He re-assumed his position as ''daimyō'' at the start of the Boshin War (following the defeat of the Tokugawa shogunate forces at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi) and defected to the Imperial side. In 1869, he was appointed imperial governor of Wakasa under the new Meiji government. He died in 1873.

Sakai Tadauji

was the 13th ''daimyō'' of Obama Domain. He was the fourth son of a ''hatamoto'' and was adopted as heir to Sakai Tadaaki in 1853.
He became ''daimyō'' in 1862 when Tadaaki was forced into retirement by the Ansei Purge. He maintained a pro-Tokugawa policy and was active in the suppression of the Mito rebellion in the area. With the start of the Boshin War, he sent forces to fight for Tokugawa during the Battle of Toba-Fushimi. However, following the defeat of the Tokugawa during that battle, he was pushed aside by Tadaaki, who resumed the title of ''daimyō'' and who had the support of the senior domain retainers. Takauji was forced into retirement under the guise of "illness" and died in 1876.

See also

* List of Han

Notes

References

* Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice. (1999). ''Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed.'' Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press . ;
OCLC 246417677
* Bryant, Arthur J. (1995)
''Sekigahara 1600: the final struggle for power.''
Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
* Isao, Soranaka
"Obama: The Rise and Decline of a Seaport."
''Monumenta Nipponica'' Vol. 52, No. 1 (Spring 1997). pp. 85–102.
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
OCLC 48943301
* Papinot, Edmund. (1906) ''Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon.'' Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha
OCLC 465662682''Nobiliaire du japon'' (abridged version of 1906 text).

External links

{{Authority control

Domains of Japan
History of Fukui Prefecture
Hokuriku region
1601 establishments in Japan
Wakasa Province
Kyōgoku clan
Sakai clan
Obama, Fukui