(21 March 1914 – 8 June 1992) was an
officer
An officer is a person who has a position of authority in a hierarchical organization. The term derives from Old French ''oficier'' "officer, official" (early 14c., Modern French ''officier''), from Medieval Latin ''officiarius'' "an officer," f ...
of the
Imperial Japanese Army
The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor o ...
during
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
. He served in both
China and in the
Pacific campaign. After Japanese forces were defeated in the
Battle of Saipan
The Battle of Saipan was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands from 15 June to 9 July 1944 as part of Operation Forager. It has been referred to as the "Pacific D-Day" with the ...
, he led a group of soldiers and civilians deep into the jungle to evade capture by Allied forces. Under Ōba's leadership, the group survived for over a year after the battle and finally surrendered in December 1945, three months after the war had ended. Following his return to Japan, he became a successful businessman and served on the city council of
Gamagori, Aichi.
Early life
Sakae Ōba was born on 21 March 1914 in the town of
Gamagori,
Aichi prefecture. He was the first son of Isuke Ōba, a farmer. In March 1933, Ōba graduated from the
Aichi Prefecture Teacher Training School of Practical Education () and the following month he accepted a faculty position at a public school in the area.
[ While working as a teacher, he married Mineko Hirano (1912–1992), also of Gamagori.][
]
Military career
In 1934, Ōba joined the 18th Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Japanese Army
The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor o ...
, based in the nearby city of Toyohashi
is a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 377,453 in 160,516 households and a population density of 1,400 persons per km2. The total area of the city was . By area, Toyohashi was Aichi Prefecture's second-lar ...
.[Hata (2005)] He was designated a Ground Officer Candidate, First Class, received specialized training, and was sent to Manchukuo, where the bulk of the 18th Regiment was already stationed on occupation
Occupation commonly refers to:
*Occupation (human activity), or job, one's role in society, often a regular activity performed for payment
*Occupation (protest), political demonstration by holding public or symbolic spaces
*Military occupation, th ...
duty. In 1936, the regiment returned to its home garrison in Toyohashi
is a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 377,453 in 160,516 households and a population density of 1,400 persons per km2. The total area of the city was . By area, Toyohashi was Aichi Prefecture's second-lar ...
, and Ōba was briefly reunited with his wife.
In July 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) or War of Resistance (Chinese term) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Th ...
erupted, and the 18th Infantry was mobilized. In August, Ōba and his regiment were deployed to China where they joined the amphibious invasion of Shanghai. By December of that year, Ōba had been promoted to second lieutenant. In 1939, he was promoted to first lieutenant
First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces; in some forces, it is an appointment.
The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations, but in most forces it is sub-divided into a ...
, and in November 1941 he was given command of an infantry
Infantry is a military specialization which engages in ground combat on foot. Infantry generally consists of light infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry & mechanized infantry, airborne infantry, air assault infantry, and mar ...
company. In March 1943 he was promoted to captain.[
]
Saipan
Early in 1944, the 18th Regiment was pulled out of Manchuria
Manchuria is an exonym (derived from the endo demonym " Manchu") for a historical and geographic region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China (Inner Manchuria) and parts of the Russian Far East (Outer M ...
and re-deployed to the Pacific Theatre. Captain Ōba was placed in charge of the regiment's company of combat medic
A combat medic, or healthcare specialist, is responsible for providing emergency medical treatment at a point of wounding in a combat or training environment, as well as primary care and health protection and evacuation from a point of injury ...
s.[ At about 3:00pm, 29 February, the transport ship carrying the regiment, the '']Sakito Maru
''Sakito Maru'' ( ja, 崎戸丸) was a 7,126-ton Japanese troop transport that operated during World War II. She was sunk on 1 March 1944 with great loss of life.
Construction
''Sakito Maru'' was built in 1939 by the Mitsubishi Zosen Kaisha in ...
'', was struck by a torpedo fired by the American submarine USS ''Trout'', near the island of Saipan. The ship sank, taking with it over half the regiment. Escort vessels moved in quickly and rescued about 1,800 survivors and delivered them to Saipan. After hasty reorganization, most of the regiment was successfully transported to Guam. Almost 600 troops, including Captain Ōba, had to be left behind on Saipan.[ Ōba was assigned to organize a 225-man medical company composed of tankers, engineers, and medics that survived the ''Sakito-maru'' disaster. They obtained what few medical supplies were available and by mid-May had set up a medical aid station.
On the morning of 15 June 1944, ]United States Marines
The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through com ...
landed on the beaches for the Battle of Saipan
The Battle of Saipan was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands from 15 June to 9 July 1944 as part of Operation Forager. It has been referred to as the "Pacific D-Day" with the ...
.[ Despite a fierce defense, the Japanese were gradually pushed back with heavy losses. The Japanese commander used ]Mount Tapochau
Mount Tapochau is the highest point on the island of Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands. It is located in the center of the island, north of San Vicente village and northwest of Magicienne Bay, and rises to a height of 474 m (1555 ...
at the center of the island as headquarters and organized defensive lines around the mountain. With no re-supply or relief available, the situation became untenable for the defenders, and a final attack was ordered. On 7 July, Captain Ōba and his men participated in the largest banzai charge
Banzai charge is the term that was used by the Allied forces of World War II to refer to Japanese human wave attacks and swarming staged by infantry units. This term came from the Japanese battle cry , and was shortened to banzai, specificall ...
of the war in the Pacific. After 15 hours of intense and unrelenting hand to hand combat
Hand-to-hand combat (sometimes abbreviated as HTH or H2H) is a physical confrontation between two or more persons at short range (grappling distance or within the physical reach of a handheld weapon) that does not involve the use of weapons.Huns ...
, almost 4,300 Japanese soldiers were dead. Allied forces declared the island secured on 9 July 1944. By 30 September 1944, the Japanese Army made an official presumption of death
A presumption of death occurs when a person is thought to be dead by a group of people despite the absence of direct proof of the person's death, such as the finding of remains (e.g., a corpse or skeleton) attributable to that person. Such a pre ...
for all personnel of unknown status and they were declared killed in action. That included Captain Ōba, and he was awarded a "posthumous" promotion to major.[
]
Holdout
In reality, Captain Ōba survived the battle and gradually took command of over a hundred other soldiers. Only five men from his original unit survived the battle, two of whom died in the following months. Ōba then led over 200 Japanese civilians deeper into the jungles to evade capture.[ He and his men organized the civilians and placed them in mountain caves and hidden jungle villages. When the soldiers were not assisting the civilians with survival tasks, Captain Ōba and his men continued their battle against the garrison of U.S. Marines. Ōba used Mount Tapochau as their primary base; at , the peak offered an unobstructed 360-degree view of the island. From their base camp on the western slope of the mountain, Ōba and his men occasionally conducted guerrilla-style raids on American positions.][ Due to the speed and stealth of these operations, and the frustrated attempts to find him, the Marines on Saipan eventually referred to Ōba as "The Fox".][
In September 1944, the Marines began conducting patrols in the island's interior, searching for survivors who were raiding their camp for supplies. These patrols sometimes encountered Japanese soldiers or civilians, and when they were captured, they were interrogated and sent to an appropriate prison camp. It was during these interrogations that the Marines learned of Ōba's name. At the peak of the hunt for Ōba, the Marine commander devised a plan in which his men would line up across the width of the island, about two meters separating one Marine from the next, and they were to march from the south end of the island to the north. The commander felt that Ōba and his men would have to fight, surrender, or be driven north and eventually captured. Due to this dragnet, the elderly and infirm civilians volunteered to surrender. Although some of the soldiers wanted to fight, Captain Ōba asserted that their primary concerns were to protect the civilians and to stay alive to continue the war. As the line of Marines approached the area, most of the remaining soldiers and civilians climbed up to a concealed mountain clearing, while others stood on narrow ledges and clung to the side of the mountain. They maintained their precarious positions for most of the day, as the Marines crossed through the area, ransacking huts and gardens when they found them. In some places, the Japanese on the ledges were less than above the heads of the Marines. The Marines' search proved futile, and eventually led to the chagrined commander's reassignment.][
]
Surrender
Captain Ōba and his men held out on the island for 512 days, or about 16 months. On 27 November 1945, former Major General
Major general (abbreviated MG, maj. gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of ...
Umahachi Amō, commander of the 9th Independent Mixed Brigade during the Battle of Saipan,[ was able to draw out some of the Japanese in hiding by singing the anthem of the Japanese infantry branch.][ Amō was then able to present documents from the defunct Imperial General Headquarters to Captain Ōba ordering him and his 46 remaining men to surrender themselves to the Americans.
On 1 December 1945, three months after the official surrender of Japan, the Japanese soldiers gathered once more on Mt. Tapochau and sang a song of departure to the spirits of the war dead.][ Ōba then led his people out of the jungle and they presented themselves to the Marines of the 18th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Company.][ With great formality and commensurate dignity, Captain Ōba surrendered his sword to Lieutenant Colonel Howard G. Kirgis, and his men surrendered their arms and ]colors
Color (American English) or colour (British English) is the visual perceptual property deriving from the spectrum of light interacting with the photoreceptor cells of the eyes. Color categories and physical specifications of color are associa ...
.[Jones (1986), p.3.] They were the last organized resistance of Japanese forces on Saipan.[Jones (1986)]
Post-war
After the Japanese government confirmed that Ōba was alive on Saipan, his "posthumous" promotion was rescinded. Following his release from Allied custody, he was repatriated. Once back in Japan, Ōba was reunited with his wife and met his son for the first time; the child had been born in 1937, just after his father had left for China.[ Ōba was hired by the Maruei Department Store Company in 1952, where he was employed as a representative and spokesman for the board of directors until 1992. From 1967 until 1979, Ōba served on the city council in the town of Gamagori, in Aichi Prefecture.
Don Jones, a former U.S. Marine stationed on Saipan and once part of a group ambushed by Ōba's men, was intrigued by the story of the Japanese holdouts and sought out Ōba after the war.][ With Ōba's cooperation, Jones wrote a book about his experiences on Saipan (detailed below).][ Jones became a lifelong friend of the Ōba family, and went so far as to locate the retired LTC Kirgis, to whom Ōba surrendered in 1945, and asked if he could return the sword that Ōba had handed over when he surrendered. Kirgis agreed, and Jones took the sword to Japan where he presented it to his grateful friend. The heirloom sword remains in the possession of the Ōba family.
Ōba Sakae died on 8 June 1992, at the age of 78.][ His remains were interred in the Ōba family grave at Kou'un Temple in Gamagori.
]
Literature and film
The collaborative effort between Ōba and Don Jones resulted in a novelized account that was first translated into Japanese and published in 1982.[Jones (1982)] It became a popular success,[Sato (August 23, 2010)] and the English version was published in 1986 under the title ''Oba, The Last Samurai: Saipan 1944–1945''.[
In May 2010, Sakae Ōba's second son, Hisamitsu, discovered more than 1,200 pages of letters and postcards written between his parents Sakae and Mineko, most dated between 1937 and 1941, though some are dated as late as 1944.][Ando (August 25, 2010)] Hisamitsu showed the letters to his cousin, Keiichiro Hirano,[According to Sato (2010), Mineko Ōba's brother's grandson is Keiichiro Hirano. Hisamitsu and Keiichiro are thus first cousins, once removed (Se]
Culbertson, Fredd (1997) Cousin Relationships
a novelist
A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, while others asp ...
and the 1998 recipient of the prestigious Akutagawa Prize
The is a Japanese literary award presented biannually. Because of its prestige and the considerable attention the winner receives from the media, it is, along with the Naoki Prize, one of Japan's most sought after literary prizes.
History
Th ...
. Hirano was deeply moved by what he read in the wartime correspondence, and helped find a local publisher.[ They offered the task of publication to Mari Mizutani, of Toyohashi, who has stated that she believes the letters are especially significant for their detailed descriptions of daily life during the war; while both husband and wife wrote of their deep affection for each other, both also wrote about innumerable daily activities, Mineko in Gamagori and Ōba in China or on occupation duty in Manchuria, prior to being shipped to the Pacific.][ The letters were reviewed by a panel of local volunteers, most of whom had a professional background in literature, publication, history, or were somehow tied to local affairs. A selection of the letters has been compiled and was published in January 2011 under the title ''Senka no rabu retah'',][ or ''Love Letters from the Fires of War''.
On 11 February 2011, the film was released in theaters, portraying the struggles of Ōba and his group on Saipan, as well as the Marines' relentless manhunt. It was produced by Toho Pictures, under the direction of ]Hideyuki Hirayama
is a Japanese film director. His theatrical debut was the film '' Maria's Stomach'' in 1990. He won the Directors Guild of Japan New Directors Award for '' The Games Teachers Play'' in 1992. In 1995, '' School Ghost Stories'' was a big hit and ma ...
; involved production units from Japan, the United States, and Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...
;[ and stars ]Yutaka Takenouchi
is a Japanese actor. His on-screen acting debut was in the drama 「ボクの就職」 (Boku no Syūshoku) in 1994, after winning a modeling contest. He regularly appears in commercials.
Filmography
TV series
* ''Boku no Shūshoku/My First Job' ...
as Cpt. Sakae Ōba.[Kuipers, Richard (27 February 2011)] In preparation for the role, Takenouchi met with Hisamitsu Ōba and the two of them paid their respects at the grave of Sakae Ōba.[ The movie received favorable reviews from critics.]
See also
* 18th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)
The was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). Its call sign and unit code was . The unit was formed in 1884 and based in the city of Toyohashi as a branch of the Nagoya Garrison. Throughout its history, the majority of its s ...
* Japanese holdout
Japanese holdouts ( ja, 残留日本兵, translit=Zanryū nipponhei, lit=remaining Japanese soldiers) were soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during the Pacific Theatre of World War II who continued fighting World Wa ...
Notes
References
Bibliography
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External links
*
Official Page of the Movie ''Taiheyo no Kiseki''
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Oba, Sakae
Imperial Japanese Army officers
1914 births
1992 deaths
Japanese holdouts
Military personnel from Aichi Prefecture
Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II
People from Gamagōri