In
duplicate bridge
Duplicate bridge is a variation of contract bridge where the same set of bridge deals (i.e. the distribution of the 52 cards among the four hands) are played by different competitors, and scoring is based on relative performance. In this way, eve ...
, a sacrifice (a save in common usage) is a deliberate
bid of a contract that is unlikely to make in the hope that the points will be less than the points likely to be gained by the opponents in making their contract. In
rubber bridge
Rubber bridge is a form of contract bridge played by two competing pairs using a particular method of scoring. A rubber is completed when one pair becomes first to win two ''games'', each ''game'' presenting a score of 100 or more contract points; ...
, a sacrifice is an attempt to prevent the opponents scoring a game or rubber on the expectation that positive scores on subsequent deals will offset the negative score.
Owing to the difference in the methods of scoring between duplicate and rubber bridge, a sacrifice bid in rubber bridge is much less likely to be advantageous and so strategies differ between the games. Comparable strategy differences exist between Matchpoints scoring and IMPs scoring games.
Scoring context
Sacrificing against game contracts
In duplicate
bridge scoring
While a deal of bridge is always played following a unique set of rules, its scoring may vary depending on the type of event the deal is played on. There are two main categories of scoring: rubber and duplicate. Rubber scoring, and its popular va ...
, if the opponents bid and make a game contract, it yields them 600 or 620 points when they are vulnerable and 400 or 420 points when they are not vulnerable, depending upon the and assuming no . Accordingly, a sacrifice will be advantageous if the resultant loss in points is less than these amounts.
Determination of the most number of tricks that can be lost to satisfy this condition is dependent upon the relative of each partnership, i.e. whether one, the other, both or neither are vulnerable. The determination is also based upon the assumption that the opposition will double the sacrifice bid thereby increasing the penalty points. The table at the left summarises the various scenarios and outcomes.
In summary, when the opponents are likely to make a game contract, a sacrifice bid which is doubled is viable (i.e. one will still receive a positive relative duplicate score) if one can go down no more than:
* three tricks if vulnerability is favourable (shown in green)
* two if vulnerability is equal (shown in yellow)
* one if vulnerability is unfavourable (shown in red)
Similar reasoning can be drawn for sacrifices against potential and contracts and cases where one assumes that the contract will not be doubled.
Sacrificing against small slam contracts
When the opponents are likely to make a small slam contract, a sacrifice bid which is doubled is viable if one can go down no more than
* six tricks if relative vulnerability is favourable against a small slam in a major or notrump
* five tricks if relative vulnerability is favourable against a small slam in a minor
* five tricks if relative vulnerability is equal where both sides are vulnerable against a small slam in a major or notrump
* four tricks if relative vulnerability is equal where both sides are vulnerable against a small slam in a minor
* four tricks if relative vulnerability is equal where both sides are not vulnerable against any small slam
* three tricks if relative vulnerability is unfavourable against any small slam
Sacrificing against grand slam contracts
When the opponents are likely to make a grand slam contract, a sacrifice bid which is doubled is viable if one can go down no more than
* eight tricks if vulnerability is favourable
* seven tricks if both vulnerable
* six tricks if both not vulnerable
* five tricks if vulnerability is unfavourable.
Strategy
A sacrifice most often occurs when both sides have found a fit during bidding (eight cards or more in a suit), but the bidding indicates that the opponents can make a game or slam contract. Also, it is possible to perform an ''advance'' sacrifice, when it is more or less clear that the opponents have a fit somewhere and greater strength. For example, after the partner opens 1 and RHO doubles, the following hand is suitable for a bid of 5, outbidding opponents'
major suit In the card game contract bridge, the major suits are spades () and hearts (). The major suits are of prime importance for tactics and scoring as they outrank the minor suits while bidding and also outscore them (30 per contracted trick for major ...
game in advance:
:
As seen in the table above, vulnerability significantly affects the sacrifice: success is most likely if the opponents are vulnerable but the sacrificing side is not. At equal vulnerabilities, sacrifices are less frequent, and vulnerable sacrifices against non-vulnerable opponents are very rare and often not bid deliberately. Also, the specific duplicate
scoring method affects the tactics of sacrifice – at matchpoint scoring, −500 or −800 (down three or four) against −620 is a 50/50 probability for a top or bottom score, but at international match points (IMPs) it can gain 3 IMPs (120 difference) but lose 5 (180 difference), making it less attractive.
However, if it turns out that the sacrificing side misjudged, and that the opponents' contract was unmakeable (or unlikely to make), the sacrifice is referred to as a ''false'' or ''phantom'' one. A false sacrifice can cost heavily, as the sacrificing side has in effect turned a small plus into a (potentially large) minus score.
The
Law of total tricks
In contract bridge, the Law of total tricks (abbreviated here as LoTT) is a guideline used to help determine how high to bid in a competitive auction. It is not really a law (because counterexamples are easy to find) but a method of hand evalua ...
can be a guideline as to whether the sacrifice can be profitable or not.
Sacrifices are practically always made in a suit contract; sacrifices in notrump are extremely rare, but can occur, as in the following deal:
The bidding starts:
1 Michaels cuebid
The Michaels cuebid is a conventional bid used in the card game contract bridge. First devised by Michael Michaels of Miami Beach, FL, it is an 's cuebid in opponent's opening suit and is normally used to show a two-suited hand with at least five ...
, indicating both majors.
South can see that East-West have a huge spade fit and that it's quite possible that they can make 4. However, the best sacrifice seems to be 4NT rather than 5; it requires a trick less and there is no indication that 5 would provide more tricks than 4NT. Indeed, 4NT is down one and 5 down two.
Other considerations in sacrifices
The scoring matters a lot in sacrifices. Matchpoints scoring vs. IMP scoring makes a very significant difference in sacrifice decisions.
Kit Woolsey
Kit Woolsey (born Christopher Robin Woolsey in 1943) is an American bridge and backgammon player. He was inducted into the ACBL Hall of Fame in 2005.
Personal life
Woolsey was born in Washington, DC. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1964 and ...
suggests that the following three conditions should all be met for a sacrifice to make sense in Matchpoint scoring:
* The field is going to bid the game the opponents reached.
* The said game is very likely to make.
* Your doubled sacrifice is likely to not go down too much (i.e. maximum 1 down in unfavorable vul, max 2 in equal, and max 3 in favorable. Slam values are much higher)
See also
*
Glossary of contract bridge terms
These terms are used in contract bridge, using duplicate or rubber scoring. Some of them are also used in whist, bid whist, the obsolete game auction bridge, and other trick-taking games. This glossary supplements the Glossary of card game terms.
...
*
Preempt
Preempt (also spelled "pre-empt") is a bid in contract bridge whose primary objectives are (1) to thwart opponents' ability to bid to their best contract, with some safety, and (2) to fully describe one's hand to one's partner in a single bid. A ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sacrifice (bridge)
Contract bridge bidding