SUMO
enzymatic
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. A ...
cascade
catalyzes
Catalysis () is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed in the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recyc ...
the dynamic
posttranslational modification
Post-translational modification (PTM) is the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis. This process occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus. Proteins are synthesized by ribosome ...
process of sumoylation (i.e. transfer of
SUMO protein
In molecular biology, SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) proteins are a family of small proteins that are covalently attached to and detached from other proteins in cells to modify their function. This process is called SUMOylation (sometimes wr ...
to other proteins). The Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier,
SUMO-1
Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SUMO1'' gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. It is a ubiquitin-like protein a ...
, is a
ubiquitin-like family member that is conjugated to its
substrates through three discrete enzymatic steps (see the figure on the right): activation, involving the E1 enzyme (
SAE1
SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SAE1'' gene.
Interactions
SAE1 has been shown to interact with SAE2, the protein product of the gene UBA2
Ubiquitin-like 1-activating enzyme E1B (UBLE1B) also ...
/
SAE2); conjugation, involving the E2 enzyme (
UBE2I
SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2I'' gene. It is also sometimes referred to as "ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2I" or "ubiquitin carrier protein 9", even though these names do not accurately describe ...
); substrate modification, through the cooperation of the E2 and E3 protein ligases.
SUMO pathway modifies hundreds of proteins that participate in diverse cellular processes. SUMO pathway is the most studied
ubiquitin
Ubiquitin is a small (8.6 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e., it is found ''ubiquitously''. It was discovered in 1975 by Gideon Goldstein and further characterized throughout the late 1970s and 1980s. Fo ...
-like pathway that regulates a wide range of cellular events, evidenced by a large number of sumoylated proteins identified in more than ten large-scale studies.
[G. Rosas-Acosta, W.K. Russell, A. Deyrieux, D.H. Russell and V.G. Wilson, A universal strategy for proteomic studies of SUMO and other ubiquitin-like modifiers, Mol. Cell. Proteomics 4 (2005), pp. 56–72]
See also
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Metabolism
Metabolism (, from el, μεταβολή ''metabolē'', "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cell ...
*
Metabolic network
A metabolic network is the complete set of metabolic and physical processes that determine the physiological and biochemical properties of a cell. As such, these networks comprise the chemical reactions of metabolism, the metabolic pathways, as w ...
*
Metabolic network modelling
Metabolic network modelling, also known as metabolic network reconstruction or metabolic pathway analysis, allows for an in-depth insight into the molecular mechanisms of a particular organism. In particular, these models correlate the genome wi ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sumo Enzymes
Metabolism
Post-translational modification
Proteins