The National Socialist Workers Party of Iran
( fa, حزب سوسیالیست ملی کارگران ایران, Ḥezb-e Sosīālīst-e Mellī-e Kārgarān-e Īrān; Hezbe Sosiâliste Mellie Kârgarâne Irân), better known by its abbreviation SUMKA ( fa, سومکا), was a
National Socialist
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Na ...
party in
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
.
Foundation
![SUMKA HQ](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/SUMKA_HQ.jpg)
The party was formed in 1940 by
Davud Monshizadeh and had a minor support base in Iranian universities. Critics of the late
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
, title = Shahanshah Aryamehr Bozorg Arteshtaran
, image = File:Shah_fullsize.jpg
, caption = Shah in 1973
, succession = Shah of Iran
, reign = 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979
, coronation = 26 October ...
allege that he provided direct funding to the SUMKA at one point.
[Hussein Fardust, ''The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty: Memoirs of Former General Hussein'', p. 62]
Development
Monshizadeh formed the SUMKA in 1952 along with Morteza Kossarian. Monshizadeh had lived in Germany since 1937, and was a former
SS member, who fought and was wounded in the
Battle of Berlin
The Battle of Berlin, designated as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, and also known as the Fall of Berlin, was one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of World War II.
After the Vistula– ...
. Kossarian was also a former
SS Officer, who was part of the planning of
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (german: link=no, Unternehmen Barbarossa; ) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during the Second World War. The operation, code-named after ...
and subsequently fought at the
Battle of Kiev and the
Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 19422 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II where Nazi Germany and its allies unsuccessfully fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (later re ...
, where he was injured. Monshizadeh was also a professor at
Ludwig Maximilians University
The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (simply University of Munich or LMU; german: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) is a public research university in Munich, Germany. It is Germany's sixth-oldest university in continuous operatio ...
of Munich and was deeply influenced by
Jose Ortega y Gasset
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
*Jose ben Abin
* Jose ben Akabya
*Jose the Galilea ...
's philosophy.
The SUMKA briefly attracted the support of young
nationalists
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people), Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: The ...
in Iran, including
Dariush Homayoon
Daryoush Homayoun ( fa, داریوش همایون; 19282011) was an Iranian journalist, author, intellectual, and politician. He was the Minister of Information and Tourism in the cabinet of Jamshid Amouzegar, founder of the daily newspaper '' Aya ...
, an early member who would later rise to prominence in the country.
SUMKA adopted the
swastika
The swastika (卐 or 卍) is an ancient religious and cultural symbol, predominantly in various Eurasian, as well as some African and American cultures, now also widely recognized for its appropriation by the Nazi Party and by neo-Nazis. It ...
and black shirt as part of their uniforms.
They were firmly opposed to the rule of
Mohammed Mossadegh
Mohammad Mosaddegh ( fa, محمد مصدق, ; 16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician, author, and lawyer who served as the 35th Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953, after appointment by the 16th Majlis. He was a member of ...
during their brief period of influence, and the party worked alongside
Fazlollah Zahedi
Fazlollah Zahedi ( fa, فضلالله زاهدی, Fazlollāh Zāhedi, pronounced ; 17 May 1892 – 2 September 1963) was an Iranian lieutenant general and statesman who replaced the Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh through a coup d'é ...
in his opposition to Mossadegh. In 1953, they were part of a large group of Zahedi supporters who marched towards the palace of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi demanding the ousting of Mossadegh. The party would become associated with street violence against the supporters of Mossadegh and the
Tudeh Party
The Tudeh Party of Iran ( fa-at, حزب تودۀ ایران, Ḥezb-e Tūde-ye Īrān, lit=Party of the Masses of Iran) is an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mirza Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in i ...
.
Shock troops
The party had an "
assault group" (''guruhe hamle'') with an estimated size of 100 members that openly attacked members of the
communist
Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...
Tudeh Party of Iran
The Tudeh Party of Iran ( fa-at, حزب تودۀ ایران, Ḥezb-e Tūde-ye Īrān, lit=Party of the Masses of Iran) is an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mirza Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in i ...
and the Soviet Cultural Center and Hungarian Trade Office in Tehran. Colonel Fateh, a retired officer of the
Imperial Iranian Air Force
The history of the Iranian Air Force, currently known as the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, can be divided into two phases—before the Islamic Revolution, and after it.
Imperial era
The Imperial Iranian Air Force (IIAF) was a branch ...
, was responsible for training the unit.
Financial sources
Colonel Fateh was the official
patron
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have provided to artists su ...
of the SUMKA.
After the
1953 Iranian coup d'état
The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'état ( fa, کودتای ۲۸ مرداد), was the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the monarchical rule of ...
, the party received a monthly stipend of 2,500
Iranian rial
The rial ( fa, ریال ایران, riyâl-è Irân; sign: ﷼; abbreviation: Rl (singular) and Rls (plural) or IR in Latin; ISO code: IRR) is the official currency of Iran.
There is no official symbol for the currency but the Iranian standar ...
from the
police
The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim to enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their lawful powers include arrest and t ...
and other security authorities. In 1958, Monshizadeh received
$7,000 from
SAVAK
SAVAK ( fa, ساواک, abbreviation for ''Sâzemân-e Ettelâ'ât va Amniat-e Kešvar'', ) was the secret police, domestic security and intelligence service in Iran during the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty. SAVAK operated from 1957 until prime ...
to go to the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
.
The party was also possibly financed by foreign embassies based in Iran.
In April 1952, Iranian police reported that Monshizadeh was seeking to establish ties with the
British embassy
This is a list of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, excluding honorary consulates. The UK has one of the largest global networks of diplomatic missions. UK diplomatic missions to capitals of other Com ...
to get financial support. It was allegedly funded by the
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...
(CIA) through
TPBEDAMN.
Legacy
Advocates of
Nazism
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Na ...
continue to exist in Iran and are active mainly on the
Internet
The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a '' network of networks'' that consists of private, pub ...
. As of 2010, they are reported to be a small yet slowly increasing minority of Iranian youths internationally.
Gallery
Party branches
File:SUMKA_-_Iran_Youth_branch.svg, SUMKA – Iran Youth branch
File:SUMKA_-_assault_group.svg, SUMKA – assault group
File:SUMKA_-_Technical_unit.svg, SUMKA – Technical unit
File:SUMKA_-_Leadership-Immortal_emblem.svg, Immortal unit and Leader emblem
Image Gallery
File:SUMKA Uniform.png, SUMKA Uniform Diagram for Shock Troops and Guard
File:Dr._Monshizadeh_with_followers.jpg, Davud Monshizadeh with SUMKA members
File:Davud Monshizadeh 1.jpg, Davud Monshizadeh in an undated photo
See also
*
Azure Party
Azure Party ( fa, حزب کبود, Hezb-e kabud), nicknamed Iranian Nazi Party and the "Black Shirts" ( fa, سیاهپوشان, Siahpushan) was a fascist party in Iran with Germanophile and pro-Nazi Germany tendencies.
Founded by Ḥabib-Allāh ...
*
Aria Party
Aria Party ( fa, حزب آریا, Ḥezb-e Āryā, lit=Aryan Party; also spelled Arya and Ariya) was a monarchist and nationalist political party in Iran known for its pro-British policy and staunch anti-Communist tendency. It was alleged to hav ...
*
Pan-Iranist Party
The Pan-Iranist Party ( fa, حزب پانایرانیست, Ḥezb-e Pān-Irānist) is a small opposition political party in Iran that advocates pan-Iranism. The party is not registered and is technically banned, however it continues to operate ...
References
{{Authority control
1952 establishments in Iran
Anti-Arabism in Asia
Anti-capitalist political parties
Anti-communist parties
Antisemitism in Iran
Far-right political parties
Fascism in Iran
Iranian nationalism
Nationalist parties in Iran
Neo-Nazi political parties
Neo-Nazism in Asia
Political parties established in 1952
Political parties in Pahlavi Iran (1941–1979)
Anti-Islam sentiment in Iran