The STM-4 (Synchronous Transport Module) is a

SDH SDH may refer to: Science, medicine and technology * Serine dehydratase, an enzyme * L-sorbose 1-dehydrogenase, an enzyme * Succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme * Shubnikov–de Haas effect * Social Determinants of Health, economic and social condi ...

ITU-T The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is one of the three sectors (divisions or units) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It is responsible for coordinating standards for telecommunications and Information Commu ...

fiber optic An optical fiber, or optical fibre in Commonwealth English, is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to ...

network Network, networking and networked may refer to: Science and technology * Network theory, the study of graphs as a representation of relations between discrete objects * Network science, an academic field that studies complex networks Mathematics ...

transmission standard. It has a bit rate of 622.080 Mbit/s. The STM-4 specification is designed to carry 7,680 8-bit "voice" frames every 125 micro-seconds for a total payload bit rate of 491.520 Mbit/s. The other levels defined by the SDH standard are

STM-1 The STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module level-1) is the SDH ITU-T fiber optic network transmission standard. It has a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s. Higher levels go up by a factor of 4 at a time: the other currently supported levels are STM-4, STM-16, ...

STM-16 Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes ...

STM-64 Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes ...

and

STM-256 Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes ...

. Beyond this we have

wavelength-division multiplexing In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light. This techniq ...

(WDM) commonly used in submarine cabling. Although STM-4 is comparable to OC-12 the SDH frame structure allocates more space to overhead than that of SONET. Because of this, STM-4's payload bandwidth differs from that of OC-12.

SDH Rates

SDH is a transport hierarchy based on multiples of 155.52 Mbit/s. The basic unit of SDH is

. Different SDH rates are given below: * STM-1 = 155.520 Mbit/s * STM-4 = 622.080 Mbit/s * STM-16 = 2,488.320 Mbit/s (~2.5 Gbit/second) * STM-64 = 9,953.280 Mbit/s (~10 Gbit/second) * STM-256 = 39,813.120 Mbit/s (~40 Gbit/second) Each rate is an exact multiple of the lower rate, therefore the hierarchy is synchronous.

STM-1 frame structure

The basic STM-1 carrier frame consists of eight overheads, four pointers and a space for the payload. The overheads are the regeneration section overhead (RSOH), associated with the regenerators, and the multiplex section overhead (MSOH), associated with the multiplexers. The space for the payload carries the VC-4 container, the first byte of which is signaled by the AU-4 pointer, and which is allowed to move in order to accommodate frequency In previous sections we have looked at an example in which a 140 Mbit/s signal was mapped into a VC-4, but the multiplexing map lets the STM-1 signal transport other types of Plesiochronous signals and even combinations of signals. All the possibilities are shown in the table below: {, border="1" ! Composition !! 2 Mbit/s !! 34 Mbit/s !! 140 Mbit/s , - , 1x VC-4 , , 0 , , 0 , , 1 , - , 3x VC-3 , , 0 , , 3 , , 0 , - , 42xVC-12 + 1xVC-3 , , 42 , , 1 , , 0 , - , 63xVC-12 , , 63 , , 0 , , 0 The basic STM-1 transport rate is 155.520 Mbit/s and is defined in the ITU-T recommendation G.707. As mentioned above, the overhead of an STM-4 signal (SOH) is divided into two parts: the MSOH and the RSOH. The overheads contain information from the system itself, which is used for a wide range of management functions, such as monitoring transmission quality, detecting failures, managing alarms, data communication channels, service channels, etc. These functions will be described in more detail in the section on network management services. An STM-4 frame consists of 36 rows each containing 270 bytes. This is a direct multiple of STM-1, which consists of 9 rows each containing 270 bytes. The frame frequency of 32 kHz has also been chosen as a 4x multiple of that of STM-1, so that one byte of frame corresponds to the transmission capacity of a 64 kbit/s channel. The first 36 bytes of each row of a frame (with the exception of row 16) contain a Section OverHead. The first 36 bytes of row 16 contain the AU pointer (payload address). The field consisting of 261X36 bytes is for payload transmission (The STM payload is known as the Virtual Container (VC) and consists of the actual payload, known as the Container (C) and additional overhead known as Path Over Head (POH), for path related information). The Virtual Container is not located rigidly in the frame but can move around freely in the payload section. The pointer indicates the position of the first byte of the VC (which is always the first byte of the POH). This allows a VC received in the multiplexer to be matched to a pre-specified frame phase of the STM-4. Synchronous optical networking