SMS Seeadler

SMS ''Seeadler'' ("His Majesty's Ship ''Sea Eagle''") was an unprotected cruiser of the , the third member of a class of six ships built by the German ''Kaiserliche Marine'' (Imperial Navy). Her sister ships included , the lead ship, along with , , , and . ''Seeadler'' was built at the ''Kaiserliche Werft'' (Imperial Shipyard) in Danzig in late 1890, launched in February 1892, and commissioned in August of that year. Intended for colonial service, ''Seeadler'' was armed with a main battery of eight guns and had a top speed of .

''Seeadler'' spent almost her entire career abroad. Following her commissioning, she joined the protected cruiser in 1893 on a visit to the United States for the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's discovery of the Americas. She thereafter went to German East Africa, where she was stationed until 1898. She returned to Germany briefly for a modernization in 1898–1899, before being assigned to the South Seas Station in German New Guinea. During her tour in the Pacific, she participated in the suppression of the Boxer Uprising in Qing China in 1900. Her assignment in the Pacific was interrupted by the 1905 Maji-Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, which prompted the German Navy to send ''Seeadler'' there.

''Seeadler'' remained in East Africa for the next nine years, returning to Germany finally in January 1914. She had spent over thirteen years abroad since her 1899 modernization, the longest period of continuous overseas service of any major German warship. After arriving in Germany, she was decommissioned. She was not mobilized after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, being too old to be of any fighting value. She was instead used as a mine storage hulk outside Wilhelmshaven. On 19 April 1917, her cargo of mines exploded and destroyed the ship, though there were no casualties. Her wreck was never raised for scrapping.

Design

Through the 1870s and early 1880s, Germany built two types of cruising vessels: small, fast avisos suitable for service as fleet scouts and larger, long-ranged screw corvettes capable of patrolling the German colonial empire. A pair of new cruisers was authorized under the 1886–1887 fiscal year, intended for the latter purpose. General Leo von Caprivi, the Chief of the Imperial Admiralty, sought to modernize Germany's cruiser force. The first step in the program, the two s unprotected cruisers, provided the basis for the larger .

''Seeadler'' was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced normally and up to at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of two horizontal 3-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines that drove a pair of screw propellers. Steam was provided by four coal-fired cylindrical fire-tube boilers that were ducted into a single funnel. These provided a top speed of from , and a range of approximately at . She had a crew of 9 officers and 152 enlisted men.

The ship was armed with a main battery of eight SK L/35 quick-firing (QF) guns in single pedestal mounts, supplied with 800 rounds of ammunition in total. They had a range of . Two guns were placed side by side forward, two on each broadside, and two side by side aft. The gun armament was rounded out by five Hotchkiss revolver cannon for defense against torpedo boats. She was also equipped with two torpedo tubes with five torpedoes, both of which were mounted on the deck.

Service history

''Seeadler'' (sea eagle) was laid down at the ''Kaiserliche Werft'' (Imperial Shipyard) in Danzig in late 1890. She was launched on 2 February 1892, originally named ''Kaiseradler'' (Eastern imperial eagle). The shipyard director, ''Kapitän zur See'' (Captain) Aschmann, gave the launching speech. She was completed by 27 June 1892, when she was commissioned into the Imperial German Navy. The ship was renamed on 17 August when she was commissioned, since Kaiser Wilhelm II decided to rename his first yacht ''Kaiseradler'' instead. ''Seeadler'' began her sea trials the same day. On 25 October, she was accidentally rammed by the armored corvette in Kiel, but she suffered only light damage. Her trials lasted until 17 November; she formally entered service with the fleet on 15 March 1893.

After her commissioning, ''Seedadler'' was slated to replace in the East African Station in German East Africa. But first, ''Seeadler'' and the protected cruiser conducted a goodwill visit to the United States, a belated celebration of the 400th anniversary of Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic. The ships left Kiel on 25 March, but due to a mistaken estimate for the amount of coal that would be necessary to cross the Atlantic, ''Seeadler'' ran out of fuel while en route. ''Kaiserin Augusta'' took the cruiser under tow to Halifax, where she refilled her coal bunkers. The two cruisers reached Hampton Roads on 18 April. Ships from nine other navies, including the US Navy, arrived for a major celebration in New York harbor that was reviewed by Grover Cleveland, the President of the United States. ''Seeadler'''s yacht-like appearance attracted particular attention.

Deployment to East Africa

After the conclusion of the festivities in the United States, ''Seeadler'' steamed back across the Atlantic to the Azores, before proceeding into the Mediterranean Sea and then into the Red Sea. There, she met ''Schwalbe'' at Aden on 20 June. ''Seeadler'' proceeded to Bombay, India, for routine maintenance that lasted from 3 July to 21 August. The cruiser finally arrived on station on 2 September when she dropped anchor in Zanzibar and met the survey ship , the other vessel on the East Africa Station. On 9 September both ships went to Kilwa; a group of slave traders had attacked the small police force detachment stationed there. The colonial army, the ''Schutztruppe'' (protection force), was unavailable to reinforce the police troops, and so ''Seeadler'' and ''Möwe'' bombarded the slavers and neutralized the threat.

''Seeadler'' proceeded to Lourenço Marques in Portuguese Moçambique. A rebellion in the Portuguese colony threatened German nationals residing in the city; ''Seeadler'' evacuated the civilians and took them to Zanzibar, where they arrived on 15 November. During this period, ''Möwe'' was transferred to German New Guinea, and ''Seeadler''s sister ships and arrived in German East Africa. ''Condor'' was to reinforce ''Seeadler'' and ''Cormoran'' was to continue on to the Pacific, but the latter remained in the area temporarily to strengthen the German naval force in the region. This was done both to observe the damage to German economic interests in Moçambique and as a show of force to prevent British encroachment on Delagoa Bay, which was the only supply port for the independent Transvaal. In January 1895, ''Condor'' took over ''Seeadler''s role on the East African coast.

On 10 January, ''Seeadler'' departed for Bombay, where her boilers were repaired in a major overhaul. Workers from the ''Kaiserliche Werft'' in Kiel were sent to do the work. ''Seeadler'' was back in service by May, and on 18 May she departed Bombay, arriving in East Africa on 31 May. ''Cormoran'' was meanwhile detached from East Africa and allowed to continue to the Pacific. The rest of the year was uneventful for ''Seeadler'', though she became briefly involved in political developments in East Africa. The British Jameson Raid into the Transvaal in December 1895 threatened some 15,000 German nationals in the Transvaal, along with the investment of 500 million gold marks in the country. The German governor considered ordering ''Seeadler'' to contribute a landing force to protect the German consul in Pretoria, the capital of the Transvaal, but the defeat of the Jameson Raid rendered the plan redundant. ''Seeadler'' nevertheless remained in East Africa while tensions cooled. In mid-February 1896, she went to Cape Town for her yearly overhaul.

After completing her repairs, ''Seeadler'' was ordered to German South-West Africa on 28 April to assist the ''Schutztruppe'' in suppressing a local rebellion. The ship was tasked with interrupting the shipment of weapons from British arms dealers to the rebels. ''Seeadler'' thereafter proceeded to Swakopmund on 5 May; she was joined there by the gunboat . The two ships sent forces ashore to defend the city. At the end of the month, ''Seeadler'' returned to East Africa. On 2 October, she steamed to Zanzibar to take the deposed Sultan Khalid bin Barghash to Dar es Salaam following the brief Anglo-Zanzibar War. On 20 December, ''Seeadler'' was again called to Lourenço Marques after the German consul Graf von Pfeil was attacked by Portuguese colonial police. ''Condor'' joined her there on 2 January 1897 to strengthen the show of force. ''Seeadler'' thereafter proceeded to Cape Town for her yearly overhaul.

The following two years proceeded uneventfully. In January 1898, ''Seeadler'' again returned to Cape Town for an overhaul before being ordered to return to Germany on 3 May. She left Dar es Salaam three days later and arrived in Aden on 31 May. There she met ''Schwalbe'', which was replacing her in East Africa. ''Seeadler'' returned to Kiel on 26 June, and she was placed out of service on 9 July for a major overhaul in Danzig. The work was done at the ''Kaiserliche Werft'', and the changes included removing the main mast and cutting down her rigging to a topsail schooner rig. On 3 October 1899, ''Seeadler'' was recommissioned and was ordered to replace her sister on the South Seas Station in German New Guinea. She departed Kiel on 19 October and stopped in Tangiers on 27–28 October to force restitution from the Moroccan government for damage to German interests. ''Seeadler'' then proceeded to Germany's south-Pacific colonies, arriving on 15 November.

Deployment to the Pacific

Following her arrival in the Pacific, ''Seeadler'' first went to the Admiralty Islands on 18 January 1900 in response to the murder of European businessmen by natives there. Starting on 30 January, she took a cruise to tour the German holdings in the area that lasted for several weeks. Stops included the Caroline Islands and the Mariana Islands, both of which had been recently purchased from Spain. In May, a cruise to German Samoa followed; there she met ''Cormoran''. The two ships then toured the islands with the governor of German Samoa, Wilhelm Solf, and the Samoan chief, Mata'afa Iosefo, aboard ''Seeadler''. In July 1900, following the outbreak of the Boxer Uprising in Qing China the previous year, ''Seeadler'' was sent from the South Seas Station to assist in the Western suppression of the Boxers. She arrived in Tsingtau in the Kiautschou Bay concession and joined the ships of the East Asia Squadron. She spent the following months off Chinese harbors with the armored cruiser and the protected cruiser .

On 24 April 1901, ''Seeadler'' was ordered to steam to the island of Yap in the Carolines to assist the stranded Norddeutscher Lloyd postal steamer . A pair of tugboats had managed to pull the steamer free by the time ''Seeadler'' arrived on 3 May, though the cruiser's crew assisted with repairs to the ship's damaged hull. ''Seeadler'' thereafter returned to East Asia and resumed her patrols of Chinese harbors, though during this period she also visited Japanese harbors as well. These duties lasted until the end of 1902. During ''Seeadler''s operations in China, her crew suffered only one casualty from enemy action. On 2 January 1903, her sister arrived to take her place in East Asian waters, allowing ''Seeadler'' to return to the South Seas Station. ''Seeadler'' underwent a periodic overhaul in Uraga, outside Tokyo, Japan, from 3 August to 14 September.

Following the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in February 1904, ''Seeadler'' was recalled to Tsingtau to be prepared for any possible hostilities involving Germany. During this period, ''Cormoran'' was replaced by ''Condor''; the two cruisers were joined by ''Seeadler''s old consort from East Africa, the survey vessel ''Möwe''. In early 1905, ''Seeadler'' conducted goodwill visits to the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), before returning to Tsingtau in April. On 28 June, with the Russo-Japanese War winding down following the decisive Japanese victory at the Battle of Tsushima, ''Seeadler'' was detached from the East Asia Squadron, permitting her return to the South Seas Station. While en route to her station area, ''Seeadler'' received an order to return to Africa during a stop at Ponape on 20 August. Her presence was necessary there to help put down a major uprising, the Maji Maji Rebellion, that had broken out in July. ''Seeadler'' ran aground twice, at Labuan and Singapore, on her way to East Africa, but neither incident resulted in damage to the ship. She arrived in Dar es Salaam on 1 October.

Return to East Africa

In mid-October 1905, ''Seeadler'' sent a landing party ashore at Samanga to protect the coastal telegraph line there. By mid-December, she had returned to Dar es Salaam, before proceeding to Kilwa on 17 January 1906. The cruiser was back in Dar es Salaam on 24 January. Another overhaul at Cape Town followed from 10 February to 16 March. By this time, the situation in East Africa had calmed, and the light cruiser , which had also been sent to suppress the Maji-Maji uprising, was sent back to Germany. ''Seeadler'' nevertheless remained in the region, and was formally assigned to the East Africa Station in early 1907. In October 1907, then-''Korvettenkapitän'' (Lieutenant Commander) Hugo Meurer served as the ship's commanding officer. He would hold the position until June 1909.

In 1908, ''Seeadler'' was joined by ''Bussard'' on the East Africa Station. From 18 February to 18 March, ''Seeadler'' underwent another overhaul at Cape Town. She thereafter proceeded to German South-West Africa, stopping in Walvis Bay and Swakopmund. There, she cruised with the gunboat in March and early April. On 18 April, she was back in Dar es Salaam. Another period of dockyard repairs followed from 12 to 26 September, this time in Bombay. The rest of 1908 continued uneventfully for ''Seeadler'', as did the next few years. The only significant event came in early November 1911, when ''Seeadler'' pulled the Hamburg-Bremen-Afrika Linie steamer free after she ran aground off Quelimane. In 1913, the mayor of Cape Town hosted delegations from ''Seeadler'' and the British protected cruiser . And at the end of December, the princes Leopold and Georg of Bavaria visited ''Seeadler'' in Dar es Salaam while on an overseas tour.

Later service

On 9 January 1914, ''Seeadler'' departed East Africa for the last time, bound for Germany. She had spent nearly thirteen and a half years abroad, the longest uninterrupted period of overseas service of any major German warship. Her replacement, her sister , had not yet arrived but was en route. ''Seeadler'' stopped in Aden on 22 January, and arrived in Kiel on 18 March. She was then moved to Danzig and decommissioned. On 6 May 1914, she was reclassified as a gunboat. After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, she was reduced to a hulk for storing naval mines since she was no longer fit for active service. She was towed to Wilhelmshaven and anchored in the outer roadstead. On 19 April 1917, her cargo exploded while she was moored in the Jade outside Wilhelmshaven. The explosion destroyed the ship, but there were no casualties; her wreck was never raised.

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Further reading

*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seeadler
Bussard-class cruisers
Ships built in Danzig
1892 ships
World War I cruisers of Germany

World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea
Maritime incidents in 1917