''Shabda'' ( sa, शब्द, ), is the
Sanskrit word for "speech sound". In
Sanskrit grammar, the term refers to an
utterance in the sense of
linguistic performance.
History
In classical Indian
philosophy of language, the grammarian
Katyayana stated that ''shabda'' ("speech") is eternal (''nitya''), as is ''
artha'' "meaning", and that they share a mutual co-relation. According to
Patanjali
Patanjali ( sa, पतञ्जलि, Patañjali), also called Gonardiya or Gonikaputra, was a Hindu author, mystic and philosopher. Very little is known about him, and while no one knows exactly when he lived; from analysis of his works it i ...
, the permanent aspect of ''shabda'' is
("meaning"), while ''dhvani'' ("sound, acoustics") is ephemeral to ''shabda''.
Om, or
Aum
''Om'' (or ''Aum'') (; sa, ॐ, ओम्, Ōṃ, translit-std=IAST) is a sacred sound, syllable, mantra, or an invocation in Hinduism. ''Om'' is the prime symbol of Hinduism.Krishna Sivaraman (2008), ''Hindu Spirituality Vedas Through Ved ...
, a sacred syllable of
Hinduism,
Buddhism,
Jainism and
Sikhism, is considered to be the first resonating vibrational sound within an individual being. It also denotes the non-dualistic universe as a whole. In Buddhism, Om corresponds to the
crown chakra and white light.
Bhartrihari, on the other hand, held a ''shabda-
advaita'' position, identifying ''shabda'' as indivisible, and unifying the notions of cognition and linguistic performance, which is ultimately identical to
Brahman. Bhartrhari recognised two entities, both of which may be referred to as ''shabda''. One entity is the underlying cause of the articulated sounds, while the other entity is the functionality that is used to express meaning. Bhartrhari thus rejected the difference posited between the ontological and the linguistic by
logicians. His concept of ''shabda-brahman'' which identified linguistic performance and creation itself ran parallel to the Greek concept of ''
logos''.
Language philosophy in Medieval India was dominated by the dispute of the "naturalists" to the
Mimamsa school, notably defended by
Kumarila, who held that ''shabda'' designates the actual phonetic utterance, and the Sphota school, defended by
Mandana Mishra, which identifies ''
sphota'' and ''shabda'' as a mystical "indivisible word-whole".
In religion
Hinduism
''Śabda'' (शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts,
[DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer, , page 172][
*Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, , pages 245-248;
*John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, , page 238] specifically the ''
shruti'',
Vedas. Hiriyanna explains ''Sabda-pramana'' as a concept which means reliable expert testimony. The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly.
[M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, , page 43] He must rely on others, his parent, family, friends, teachers, ancestors and kindred members of society to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining proper knowledge is either spoken or written, but through ''Sabda'' (words).
[ The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the ''Sabda'' of reliable sources.][ The disagreement between the schools of Hinduism has been on how to establish reliability. Some schools, such as Carvaka, state that this is never possible, and therefore ''Sabda'' is not a proper pramana. Other schools debate means to establish reliability.
]
Sikhism
In Sikhism the term ''Shabad'' (Gurmukhi: ਸਬਦ) has two primary meanings.
The first context of the term is to refer to a hymn or paragraph or sections of the Holy Text that appears in Guru Granth Sahib, the main holy scripture of the Sikhs. The Guru Granth Sahib is organised by chapters of '' ragas'', with each chapter containing many ''shabads'' of that ''raga''. The first ''Shabad'' in Guru Granth Sahib is the Mool Mantar. The script used for the ''Shabad'' is Gurmukhi. ''Shabad'' is the term also used to refer to hymns within other Sikh scriptures, like Deh Siva Var Mohe
Deh Shiva Bar Mohe Eha (Gurmukhi: ਦੇਹ ਸਿਵਾ ਬਰ ਮੋਹਿ ਇਹੈ) is a most celebrated and widely quoted hymn by Guru Gobind Singh Ji. It is taken from Chandi Charitar Ukati Bilas composition of Dasam Granth
The ''Dasam ...
. Shabad Vani is devotional singing of hymns from Sikh scriptures.[
The second use of the term ''Shabad'' in Sikhism is for the holy name of God, Waheguru.][2001, Studies in Sikhism and Comparative Religion - Volume 20 - Page 100-110.]
Other faiths and philosophies
Esoterically, ''Shabd'' is the “Sound Current vibrating in all creation. It can be heard by the inner ears.” Variously referred to as the ''Audible Life Stream'', ''Inner Sound'', ''Sound Current'' or ''Word'' in English, the ''Shabd'' is the esoteric essence of God which is available to all human beings, according to the Shabd path teachings of Sant Mat, Surat Shabd Yoga, Eckankar
Eckankar is a new religious movement founded by Paul Twitchell in 1965. Its membership today is primarily in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa. The spiritual home is the Temple of ECK in Chanhassen, Minnesota. Eckankar is not affiliated ...
, Vardankar (a split-off from Eckankar), and Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness
The Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness (or MSIA) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit religious corporation, incorporated in California on June 25, 1971. Before incorporation, the group was founded in California in 1968 by John-Roger (formerly Roger D ...
.
See also
* Contemporary Sant Mat movements
Contemporary Sant Mat Movements, mostly among the Radha Soami tradition, are esoteric philosophy movements active in the United States, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and especially India. These movements assert that Sant Mat shares a lineage ...
* Mantra
* Nada yoga
Nada may refer to:
Culture
* Nāda, a concept in ancient Indian metaphysics
Places
*Nada, Hainan, China
*Nada, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in the United States
*Nada, Nepal, village in Achham District, Seti Zone
* Nada, Texas, United S ...
* Religious text
References
Sources
*Patnaik, Tandra, ''Śabda : a study of Bhartrhari’s philosophy of language'', New Delhi : DK Printworld, 1994, .
*Singh, Kirpal (1949). A Great Saint, Baba Jaimal Singh. Ruhani Satsang Books, p. 7-9.
External links
*{{Commonscatinline
Communication theory
Esoteric schools of thought
Language and mysticism
Philosophy of language
Sant Mat
Vyakarana
Hymns