The S class (initially known as the Modified ''Trenchant'' classMarch, ''op. cit.'' p.215.) was a

class Class or The Class may refer to: Common uses not otherwise categorized * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects * Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differentl ...

of 67 destroyers ordered for the

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against ...

in 1917 under the 11th and 12th Emergency War Programmes. They saw active service in the last months of the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

and in the

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

and

Irish Irish may refer to: Common meanings * Someone or something of, from, or related to: ** Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe ***Éire, Irish language name for the isle ** Northern Ireland, a constituent unit ...

Civil Wars during the early 1920s. Most were relegated to the reserve by the mid-1920s and subsequently scrapped under the terms of the London Naval Treaty. Eleven survivors saw much action during the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposi ...

Background

In early 1917, the First World War had been going on for two and a half years. Despite the disappointing outcome of the Battle of Jutland the previous year, the British

Grand Fleet The Grand Fleet was the main battlefleet of the Royal Navy during the First World War. It was established in August 1914 and disbanded in April 1919. Its main base was Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. History Formed in August 1914 from the F ...

, consisting of battleships, cruisers, and destroyers and based in northern Scotland, was successfully confining the German surface navy to the

German Bight The German Bight (german: Deutsche Bucht; da, tyske bugt; nl, Duitse bocht; fry, Dútske bocht; ; sometimes also the German Bay) is the southeastern bight of the North Sea bounded by the Netherlands and Germany to the south, and Denmark and ...

, while enforcing a blockade of German maritime trade with the wider world. In southern North Sea, the

Harwich Force The Harwich Force originally called Harwich Striking Force was a squadron of the Royal Navy, formed during the First World War and based in Harwich. It played a significant role in the war. History After the outbreak of the First World War, a ...

and the

Dover Patrol The Dover Patrol and later known as the Dover Patrol Force was a Royal Navy command of the First World War, notable for its involvement in the Zeebrugge Raid on 22 April 1918. The Dover Patrol formed a discrete unit of the Royal Navy based at Dove ...

, both consisting of cruisers and destroyers, maintained control of the eastern approaches to the

English Channel The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...

and the

Thames Estuary The Thames Estuary is where the River Thames meets the waters of the North Sea, in the south-east of Great Britain. Limits An estuary can be defined according to different criteria (e.g. tidal, geographical, navigational or in terms of salini ...

and safeguarded British communications with France. German submarine attacks on British trade became increasingly effective during the autumn of 1916, and unrestricted submarine warfare was soon to begin; finding effective countermeasures was increasingly taxing for the Admiralty. In the Mediterranean, the Royal Navy provided support to the French and Italian Fleets countering the threat posed by the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish fleets. All of these diverse naval commitments placed huge demands on the Royal Navy's resources; in particular, the need for large numbers of destroyers was pressing. Since mid-1916, destroyer production had concentrated on the large and powerful V and W classes, intended to match large German destroyers reported to be under construction. However, the Admiralty had come to appreciate that these intelligence reports had been overstated, thus the next orders could revert to the smaller destroyers of the Modified R class of March 1916, which could be built in large numbers quickly and cheaply. The resultant design, formulated in February 1917, incorporated some wartime lessons and suggestions from destroyer officers serving with the fleet, thus was identified as a new class.

Design and construction

The new class had two funnels, a long

forecastle The forecastle ( ; contracted as fo'c'sle or fo'c's'le) is the upper deck of a sailing ship forward of the foremast, or, historically, the forward part of a ship with the sailors' living quarters. Related to the latter meaning is the phrase " be ...

and a tall

bridge A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or rail) without blocking the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually somethi ...

, which unusually, was located ''behind'' the break in the

main deck The main deck of a ship is the uppermost complete deck extending from bow to stern. A steel ship's hull may be considered a structural beam with the main deck forming the upper flange of a box girder and the keel forming the lower strength me ...

. Following consultations with sea-going officers, several novel features were included, principally to enhance sea-keeping capabilities in rough weather and battle-worthiness in night action. Consideration was given to having a

well deck In traditional nautical use, well decks were decks lower than decks fore and aft, usually at the main deck level, so that breaks appear in the main deck profile, as opposed to a flush deck profile. The term goes back to the days of sail. Late-20 ...

forward of the bridge with an additional pair of

torpedo tube A torpedo tube is a cylindrical device for launching torpedoes. There are two main types of torpedo tube: underwater tubes fitted to submarines and some surface ships, and deck-mounted units (also referred to as torpedo launchers) installed aboa ...

s, in the fashion of contemporary German ocean-going

torpedo boat A torpedo boat is a relatively small and fast naval ship designed to carry torpedoes into battle. The first designs were steam-powered craft dedicated to ramming enemy ships with explosive spar torpedoes. Later evolutions launched variants of ...

s, but this arrangement was rejected because it would be detrimental to ship handling in rough weather. The design had a heavily raked stem and sheer forward, a slight turtleback on the fo'c's'le deck, and a rounded bridge front, intended to deflect waves. Two single 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted under the bridge on single rotating mounts port and starboard, intended to be fired directly by the commanding officer with toggle ropes during night actions, and the searchlight was relocated aft, mounted on top of the aft torpedo tubes (this to avoid the bridge officers being blinded by its glare during night actions). The single 18-inch torpedo tubes proved to be of little use, and were soon removed in the majority of vessels as a weight-saving measure (only ''Tara'', ''Tintagel'', and ''Trojan'' retained theirs). The S class was built in two batches, the first 33 ordered on 9 April 1917 and the second batch of 36 in June 1917, respectively. Most were built to the design prepared by the Admiralty ("Admiralty S class"), finalized on 3 July 1917. As was common practice during the First World War, the Admiralty allowed two specialist destroyer builders, Thornycrofts and Yarrows a free hand to develop their own designs based on the current Admiralty designs, which other yards were contracted to build. Generally, these "specials" had considerably higher speeds; this performance enhancement stemmed largely from the higher quality of workmanship practiced by these specialist builders, rather than due to deficiencies of the Admiralty designs. Thus the seven vessels ordered from Yarrow were built to a distinct design ("Yarrow S class"); similarly the five ordered from Thornycroft were the "Thornycroft S class".

Engineering

Most of the Admiralty S class had Brown-Curtis single-reduction geared turbines; seven vessels (''Steadfast'', ''Sterling'', ''Stonehenge'', ''Stormcloud'', ''Tilbury'', ''Tintagel'', and ''Strenuous'') had

Parsons Parsons may refer to: Places In the United States: * Parsons, Kansas, a city * Parsons, Missouri, an unincorporated community * Parsons, Tennessee, a city * Parsons, West Virginia, a town * Camp Parsons, a Boy Scout camp in the state of Washingt ...

Impulse-Reaction turbines, instead. Three

Yarrow boiler Yarrow boilers are an important class of high-pressure water-tube boilers. They were developed by Yarrow & Co. (London), Shipbuilders and Engineers and were widely used on ships, particularly warships. The Yarrow boiler design is characteristic ...

s (maximum pressure ) were fitted in all except the vessels built by Whites (which had

White-Forster boiler Three-drum boilers are a class of water-tube boiler used to generate steam, typically to power ships. They are compact and of high evaporative power, factors that encourage this use. Other boiler designs may be more efficient, although bulkier, a ...

s). The highest trial speed or the Admiralty S class was recorded by ''Senator'' (with , 360.1 rpm) at a

displacement Displacement may refer to: Physical sciences Mathematics and Physics * Displacement (geometry), is the difference between the final and initial position of a point trajectory (for instance, the center of mass of a moving object). The actual path ...

of 1,019 tons.

Aircraft

''Senator'' conducted

trials In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information (in the form of evidence) in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court. The tribun ...

in June 1918 to test the feasibility of a flying off platform aft, with the intent of launching an aircraft with the ship proceeding full speed astern; however, the amount of spray rendered this proposal unworkable. Later (c. 1927–28) both ''Stronghold'' and ''Thanet'' were fitted with a cordite catapult for launching aircraft from their fo'c's'le (the forward gun was removed); they were used to test the Larynx, an early experimental type of cruise missile. Various S-class destroyers were used at different times during the 1920s and 1930s as attendant vessels for aircraft carriers: ''Searcher'' in the Mediterranean Fleet and ''Tyrian'', ''Sesame'', ''Sturdy'', and ''Stronghold'' in the Home Fleet. Their armament was removed (in order to lighten the ship for maximum speed), and a davit installed on the fo'c's'le for recovery of ditched aircraft.

Target ship control vessel

''Shikari'' was completed in 1924 with the special role as a control vessel for the fleet's

target ship A target ship is a vessel — typically an obsolete or captured warship — used as a seaborne target for naval gunnery practice or for weapons testing. Targets may be used with the intention of testing effectiveness of specific types of ammunit ...

s (initially , replaced by in 1926). All armament was removed and a radio transmitter antenna added. She served in this role until the outbreak of the Second World War, when she was refitted as an operational unit.

Naming

The class, initially referred to as the "Modified ''Trenchant'' class", was officially named the "S class" by the Admiralty Board in November 1917 (even though 26 out of 67 vessels had names beginning with T). Some of the R class also had names beginning with S or T, which can be a source of confusion. Some had rather obscure names: ''Sardonyx'' is a red

onyx Onyx primarily refers to the parallel banded variety of chalcedony, a silicate mineral. Agate and onyx are both varieties of layered chalcedony that differ only in the form of the bands: agate has curved bands and onyx has parallel bands. The ...

gemstone; ''Seabear'' (incorrectly spelt ''Sea Bear'' in some sources) is an archaic term for polar bear; ''Seafire'' is a term for marine bioluminescence; ''Seawolf'' is an archaic term for various species of voracious fish (such as the

wolffish Anarhichadidae, the wolffishes, sea wolves or wolf eels, is a family of marine ray finned fishes belonging to the order Scorpaeniformes. These are predatory, eel shaped fishes which are native to the cold waters of the Arctic, North Pacific and ...

) or marine mammals (such as the

elephant seal Elephant seals are very large, oceangoing earless seals in the genus ''Mirounga''. Both species, the northern elephant seal (''M. angustirostris'') and the southern elephant seal (''M. leonina''), were hunted to the brink of extinction for oi ...

sea lion Sea lions are pinnipeds characterized by external ear flaps, long foreflippers, the ability to walk on all fours, short and thick hair, and a big chest and belly. Together with the fur seals, they make up the family Otariidae, eared seals. ...

); ''Sepoy'' was an infantryman of the Indian army; ''Seraph'' is a type of angel; ''Serapis'' was an ancient Graeco-Egyptian god; ''Shikari'' is an Urdu term for a big game hunter or hunting guide in British India; ''Simoom'' (incorrectly spelt ''Simoon'' in some sources) is a dry desert wind in the Sahara (there was also an R Class destroyer of this name, sunk on 23 January 1917); ''Sirdar'' in a Persian title of nobility used to denote princes, noblemen, and other aristocrats; it was used as the title for the commander of the Anglo-Egyptian Army; ''Tara'' was the traditional seat of the High King of Ireland; ''Tryphon'' (Τρύφων) is a Greek given name, meaning 'gentle' or 'sweet' (famous historical figures bearing the name include a Seleucid Emperor of the second Century BCE, a Greek grammarian in the first century BCE, and a 3rd Century Christian Saint); ''Tyrian'' is a precious type of purple dye used in regal robes in antiquity. ''Sterling'' was originally ordered with the name ''Stirling'', apparently due to a typing error.

Ships in the class

''Abbreviations'': BU: broken up for scrap; RAN:

Royal Australian Navy The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the principal naval force of the Australian Defence Force (ADF). The professional head of the RAN is Chief of Navy (CN) Vice Admiral Mark Hammond AM, RAN. CN is also jointly responsible to the Minister of ...

; RCN:

Royal Canadian Navy The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN; french: Marine royale canadienne, ''MRC'') is the naval force of Canada. The RCN is one of three environmental commands within the Canadian Armed Forces. As of 2021, the RCN operates 12 frigates, four attack submar ...

; IJN:

Imperial Japanese Navy The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: Shinjitai: ' 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or ''Nippon Kaigun'', 'Japanese Navy') was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrend ...

Admiralty S class

Thornycroft S class

John I. Thornycroft & Company Limited, based at Woolston, Southampton, was a shipbuilding firm specializing in construction of destroyers and other fast vessels. These five vessels were built to Thornycroft's own design, based on a modified version of their R-class destroyer .March, ''op. cit.'', p.217. Thornycrofts emphasized improved performance via larger, more powerful machinery. In order to incorporate larger boilers, the beam was increased by (with a metacentric height .March, ''op. cit.'', p.220) The increased stability allowed a higher mounting for the forward gun, which was placed on a superstructure that acted as a breakwater. They had a designed power of ; on trials, ''Tobago'' made with , on a displacement of 979 tons. The first two were ordered in April 1917 and the last three in June 1917. The 18-inch torpedoes under the bridge were fixed athwartship, rather than being rotating mounts as was the case in the Admiralty S-class.

Yarrow S class

Yarrow & Company, Limited, based at Scotstoun in the west of Glasgow, were another firm specializing in construction of destroyers and similar vessels. These seven vessels were built to Yarrow's own design, based on a modified version of ''Ulleswater'' ( Yarrow R class). By reducing the weights of both hull and machinery, Yarrows were able to produce much faster vessels. In order to save weight, they had direct-dive Brown-Curtis turbines rated at only ; however on trials ''Tyrian'' made with on 786 tons displacement. Initially five were to be ordered in April 1917, however two more (''Torch'' and ''Tomahawk'') were added, replacing previous orders for two W-class destroyers (''Wayfarer'' and ''Woodpecker''). This change was made at the request of

Sir Alfred Yarrow Sir Alfred Fernandez Yarrow, 1st Baronet, (13 January 1842 – 24 January 1932) was a British shipbuilder who started a shipbuilding dynasty, Yarrow Shipbuilders. Origins Yarrow was born of humble origins in East London, the son of Esther ( ...

to streamline production; otherwise, his yard would have had three different designs under construction at the same time.

Operational service

These vessels saw comparatively little action, most being completed in the closing stages or after the end of the First World War, and scrapped before the start of Second World War.

First World War

The first S-class destroyer to be completed, ''Simoom'', joined the

in April 1918. The Commodore(F) commanding the Grand Fleet destroyer

flotilla A flotilla (from Spanish, meaning a small ''flota'' ( fleet) of ships), or naval flotilla, is a formation of small warships that may be part of a larger fleet. Composition A flotilla is usually composed of a homogeneous group of the same clas ...

s did not approve of the design, largely because of the 18-inch torpedoes, which were considered useless. The C-in-C, Admiral David Beatty, concurred; he had only consented to the design on the understanding that they would be employed at Harwich or Dover, while the Grand Fleet got W-class ships with six 21-inch torpedo tubes. However, despite his wishes, most of them were allocated to the Grand Fleet on completion. ''Senator'' and ''Sikh'' were with the

from June–August 1918, before going to the Mediterranean, where ''Shark'', ''Tilbury'' and ''Tribune'' followed. At the time of the

armistice An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, as it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the ...

in November 1918, there were 27 vessels were in commission, allocated as follows *

5th Destroyer Flotilla The British 5th Destroyer Flotilla, or Fifth Destroyer Flotilla, was a naval formation of the Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the ...

(

Mudros Moudros ( el, Μούδρος) is a town and a former municipality on the island of Lemnos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lemnos, of which it is a municipal unit. It covers the entire eas ...

): ''Senator'', ''Sikh'', ''Shark'', ''Tilbury'', ''Tribune''. *

10th Destroyer Flotilla The British 10th Destroyer Flotilla, or Tenth Destroyer Flotilla, was a military formation of the Royal Navy from March from 1914 to 1919. It was reformed on an ad hoc basis from 1940 to 1941 and finally from 1944 to 1945. History First created ...

(

): ''Swallow''. *

12th Destroyer Flotilla The British 12th Destroyer Flotilla, or Twelfth Destroyer Flotilla, was a naval formation of the Royal Navy from November 1915 to March 1919 and again from September 1939 to 2 July 1943. History World War One The flotilla was first formed in Nov ...

(Grand Fleet): ''Scimitar'', ''Scotsman'', ''Scout'', ''Scythe'', ''Seabear'', ''Sepoy'', ''Simoom'', ''Sirdar'', ''Speedy'', ''Tomahawk'', ''Torch'', ''Trinidad'', ''Tryphon''. *

14th Destroyer Flotilla The14th Destroyer Flotilla, or Fourteenth Destroyer Flotilla, was a naval formation of the British Royal Navy from April 1916 to 11 February 1919 and again from 1 June 1940 to January 1944. History World War One The flotilla was first establishe ...

(Grand Fleet): ''Sabre'', ''Seafire'', ''Seraph'', ''Somme'', ''Sparrowhawk'', ''Splendid'', ''Tactician'', ''Tobago'' (to join: ''Searcher'', ''Sportive'', ''Tara'', ''Trojan'', ''Tumult'').

Post-war service, 1919–1932

The Royal Navy was re-organized in March and April 1919 into three principal fleets: the Atlantic Fleet (comprising the newest battleships and battlecruisers, with supporting cruisers and destroyers in home waters), the Home Fleet (which comprised slightly less modern ships at lower complement; it was renamed the Reserve Fleet on 1 November 1919) and the Mediterranean Fleet; In addition, there were various overseas squadrons for policing the

Empire An empire is a "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the metropole) ex ...

( Africa Station,

East Indies Station The East Indies Station was a formation and command of the British Royal Navy. Created in 1744 by the Admiralty, it was under the command of the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies. Even in official documents, the term ''East Indies Station'' was ...

China Station The Commander-in-Chief, China was the admiral in command of what was usually known as the China Station, at once both a British Royal Navy naval formation and its admiral in command. It was created in 1865 and deactivated in 1941. From 1831 to 18 ...

and

North America and West Indies Station The North America and West Indies Station was a formation or command of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy stationed in North American waters from 1745 to 1956. The North American Station was separate from the Jamaica Station until 1830 when the ...

), the Dominion Naval Forces, and commands based at the principal naval bases in the United Kingdom (i.e.

Portsmouth Portsmouth ( ) is a port and city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire in southern England. The city of Portsmouth has been a unitary authority since 1 April 1997 and is administered by Portsmouth City Council. Portsmouth is the most dens ...

, Plymouth, Chatham (The Nore) and

Rosyth Rosyth ( gd, Ros Fhìobh, "headland of Fife") is a town on the Firth of Forth, south of the centre of Dunfermline. According to the census of 2011, the town has a population of 13,440. The new town was founded as a Garden city-style suburb ...

), which included large numbers of decommissioned vessels held in reserve with skeleton crews. Under this scheme, the destroyer flotillas were completely re-organized, with a standard composition of two leaders and 16 destroyers. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd flotillas ( V/W-class destroyers), were in the Atlantic Fleet; The Home Fleet had two flotillas (4th and 5th) of R-class vessels; The 6th Flotilla, comprising S-class destroyers, was sent to the Mediterranean Fleet, while the 7th Flotilla, also of S-class destroyers, formed a ready reserve at Rosyth. Organization, July 1919: *

6th Destroyer Flotilla The British 6th Destroyer Flotilla, or Sixth Destroyer Flotilla, was a military formation of the Royal Navy from 1911 to 1939 and again from 1947 to 1951 History The flotilla was formed in 1911 at Portsmouth, with its first commander, Captain Mo ...

(Mediterranean Fleet, all in full commission): ''Senator'', ''Seraph'', ''Shark'', ''Sikh'', ''Spear'', ''Speedy'', ''Sportive'', ''Steadfast'', ''Swallow'', ''Tilbury'', ''Tobago'', ''Tomahawk'', ''Torch'', ''Tribune'', ''Tryphon'', ''Tumult''. *

7th Destroyer Flotilla The 7th Destroyer Flotilla, also styled as the Seventh Destroyer Flotilla, was a military formation of the Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish ki ...

(Rosyth reserve): in full commission: ''Scout'', ''Seabear'', ''Seafire'', ''Somme'', ''Sparrowhawk''; in reserve: ''Sabre'', ''Scimitar'', ''Scotsman'', ''Scythe'', ''Searcher'', ''Sepoy'', ''Serapis'', ''Simoom'', ''Sirdar'', ''Splendid'', ''Trinidad''. * Attached to other flotillas (all in full commission): ''Tactician'', ''Trojan'' (both with 3rd DF, Atlantic Fleet); ''Sterling'' (temporarily with 4th D.F., Home Fleet). * other duties: ''Seawolf'' (tender to , Devonport), ''Strenuous'' (tender to , Portsmouth), ''Truant'' (tender to , Portsmouth). * In Reserve: at the Nore: ''Stalwart'', ''Success'', ''Tara'', ''Tasmania'', ''Tattoo'', ''Tenedos'', ''Tintagel''; at Portsmouth: ''Saladin'', ''Stronghold'', ''Swordsman'', ''Torbay'', ''Toreador'', ''Trusty'', ''Turquoise'', ''Tuscan''; at Plymouth: ''Sardonyx'', ''Serene'', ''Sesame'', ''Spindrift''. * building: ''Shamrock'', ''Shikari'', ''Stonehenge'', ''Stormcloud'', ''Sturdy'', ''Thanet'', ''Thracian'', ''Tourmaline'', ''Turbulent'', ''Tyrian''.

Russian Civil War

A destroyer division consisting of four of these ships, ''Seafire'', ''Scotsman'', ''Scout'' and ''Seabear'' (under Commander A. B. Cunningham in ''Seafire''), was part of Admiral

Walter Cowan Admiral Sir Walter Henry Cowan, 1st Baronet, (11 June 1871 – 14 February 1956), known as Tich Cowan, was a Royal Navy officer who saw service in both the First and Second World Wars; in the latter he was one of the oldest British servicemen ...

's squadron March–May 1919 during the

British campaign in the Baltic (1918–19) British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

. Among other duties, they were involved in the

Latvian War of Independence The Latvian War of Independence ( lv, Latvijas Neatkarības karš), sometimes called Latvia's freedom battles () or the Latvian War of Liberation (), was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaim ...

, foiling an attempted coup by German troops in the port of Libau. During 1919–20 the S-class destroyers in the Mediterranean participated in the British intervention in southern Russia, giving military aid to the White Russian forces under Generals Denikin and Wrangel. In particular, ''Tomahawk'' and ''Tribune'' helped defend the Perekop line in January 1920; ''Sportive'' look part in the evacuation of White Troops from Odessa in February 1920; ''Steadfast'', ''Sikh'' and ''Seraph'' were involved in the evacuation of Novorossik in March 1920; and ''Seraph'' and ''Shamrock'' in the final evacuation from the Crimea in November 1920, while ''Tourmaline'' and ''Tobago'' patrolled off Novorossisk and Tuapse to intercept any Soviet attempts to interfere (''Tobago'' hit a mine during these operations, and was consequently scrapped).

Irish Civil War

After the

Irish Free State The Irish Free State ( ga, Saorstát Éireann, , ; 6 December 192229 December 1937) was a state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. The treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between ...

came into being on 6 December 1922, the Royal Navy retained the right to base ships at three

Treaty Ports Treaty ports (; ja, 条約港) were the port cities in China and Japan that were opened to foreign trade mainly by the unequal treaties forced upon them by Western powers, as well as cities in Korea opened up similarly by the Japanese Empire. ...

Berehaven Castletownbere () is a town in County Cork in Ireland. It is located on the Beara Peninsula by Berehaven Harbour. It is also known as Castletown Berehaven. A regionally important fishing port, the town also serves as a commercial and retail hub ...

, Queenstown/Cobh and

Lough Swilly Lough Swilly () in Ireland is a glacial fjord or sea inlet lying between the western side of the Inishowen Peninsula and the Fanad Peninsula, in County Donegal. Along with Carlingford Lough and Killary Harbour it is one of three glacial fjords ...

. In order to maintain a naval presence in these ports, ''Seawolf'', ''Scythe'' and ''Sesame'' were commissioned at reduced complement as independent commands in Irish waters during the 1920s. ''Scythe'' had a minor involvement in the Irish Civil War when machine gun fire was directed at her while moored at Spike Island (Queenstown harbour) on 21 March 1924. The S class serving in Irish waters had all been replaced with more modern vessels by 1931.

Mediterranean, Atlantic Fleet and China

In 1921 British destroyer flotillas were re-organized into formations consisting of one leader plus eight destroyers. The S-class destroyers, which formed the Mediterranean Fleet's destroyer force at that time, became the 7th and 8th Flotillas. Organization, January 1923: * 7th Destroyer Flotilla (Mediterranean Fleet): leader ; ''Shark'', ''Sikh'', ''Sepoy'', ''Trinidad'', ''Tribune'', ''Spear'', ''Sparrowhawk'', ''Senator''. *

8th Destroyer Flotilla The 8th Destroyer Flotilla, also styled as the Eighth Destroyer Flotilla, was a military formation of the British Royal Navy from 1911 to 1939. History The flotilla was established in August 1911. In 1912 was assigned to the Admiral of Patrols ...

(Mediterranean Fleet): leader ; ''Sidar'', ''Sportive'', ''Splendid'', ''Tourmaline'', ''Seraph'', ''Serapis'', ''Somme'', ''Swallow''. * Queenstown Command: ''Seawolf'', ''Tilbury''. * Royal Australian Navy: ''Tasmania'', ''Stalwart''; in reserve: ''Success'', ''Swordsman'', ''Tattoo''. * other duties: ''Tara'' (tender to , Devonport), ''Truant'' (tender to ''Victory'', Portsmouth). * In Reserve: at The Nore: ''Thracian'', ''Shamrock'', ''Steadfast'', ''Sabre'', ''Tenedos'', ''Thanet'', ''Turbulent'', ''Tintagel''; at Portsmouth: ''Saladin'', ''Turquoise'', ''Tyrian'', ''Stronghold'', ''Sturdy'', ''Trojan'', ''Trusty'', ''Torbay'', ''Toreador''; at Plymouth: ''Sterling'', ''Stormcloud'', ''Strenuous'', ''Scimitar'', ''Scotsman'', ''Scout'', ''Simoom'', ''Scythe'', ''Seabear'', ''Seafire'', ''Searcher'', ''Serene'', ''Sesame'', ''Spindrift'', ''Sardonyx'', ''Tactician''; at Malta: ''Tomahawk'', ''Torch'', ''Tumult'', ''Tuscan''. * building: ''Shikari''. HMS Sepoy (1918) IWM Q 092738

The 7th Flotilla returned to Home Waters to become part of the Atlantic Fleet in July 1923; it was re-designed as the 9th Flotilla in 1925 before being reduced to reserve by February 1926. The 8th Flotilla followed in October 1923, remaining in commission (with 40% complements) as part of the Atlantic Fleet until 1927. The flotilla was then deployed to the

during the period of tension precipitated by the threat to British concessions at Shanghai (see Shanghai Defence Force). Organization, October 1930: * 8th Destroyer Flotilla (China Station): leader ; ''Sepoy'', ''Seraph'', ''Sirdar'', ''Somme'', ''Serapis'', ''Sterling'', ''Stormcloud'', ''Thracian'', * overseas guard ships: at Gibraltar: ''Splendid'', ''Tourmaline''; in Irish Treaty Ports: ''Seawolf'', ''Scythe''. * Royal Canadian Navy: ''Champlain'', ''Vancouver''. * other duties: ''Shikari'' (Fleet target service), ''Tara'' (tender to ''Vernon'', Devonport),''Truant'' (tender to ''Victory'', Portsmouth), ''Sesame'' (attached to Home Fleet Aircraft Carriers) * In Reserve: at Plymouth: ''Steadfast'', ''Thanet'', ''Tintagel''; at The Nore: ''Trinidad''; at Portsmouth: ''Tribune'', ''Tilbury'', ''Shamrock''; at Rosyth: ''Tuscan'', ''Senator'', ''Shark'', ''Sparrowhawk'', ''Swallow'', ''Sportive'', ''Strenuous'', ''Scimitar'', ''Scotsman'', ''Simoom'', ''Seabear'', ''Seafire'', ''Searcher'', ''Serene'', ''Spindrift'', ''Sardonyx'', ''Tactician'', ''Sabre'', ''Tenedos'', ''Turbulent'', ''Saladin'', ''Turquoise'', ''Stronghold'', ''Sturdy'', ''Trojan'', ''Trusty'', ''Scout''; in Australia: ''Tasmania'', ''Success'', ''Swordsman'', ''Stalwart'', ''Tattoo''. The S-class destroyers of the 8th Flotilla remained in China until 1931, when they were replaced by V/W-class ships, and came home to pay off. By 1933 only five remained active in British service: ''Shamrock'' and ''Searcher'' as Gibraltar guard ships, ''Shikari'' in the fleet target service, and ''Stronghold'' and ''Sardonyx'' as tenders at Portsmouth.

Service in Dominion navies

Australia
Five of the Admiralty S class, ''Stalwart'', ''Success'', ''Swordsman'', ''Tasmania'' and ''Tattoo'', along with the leader , were presented to the

in June 1919. The ships were all commissioned on 27 January 1920 in U.K., and sailed for Australia the following month, arriving in Sydney on 29 April 1920. They spent much of their careers in reserve or operating close to Sydney; ''Stalwart'' visited New Guinea in June–July 1924. and ''Tattoo'' made a trip to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in September 1932. All were sold for scrapping on 4 June 1937 and were broken up at Penguin Ltd., of Balmain; the hulks of ''Swordsman'' and ''Stalwart'' were scuttled off Sydney in 1939. Canada
HMCS Champlain circa 1932 KMD-03502

Two of the Thornycroft S class, ''Torbay'' and ''Toreador'', were loaned to the

in 1927 and commissioned on 1 March 1928. They were renamed ''Champlain'' and ''Vancouver'' respectively. ''Champlain'' served on the east coast, ''Vancouver'' on the west, both mostly being engaged in sea training. They paid off on 25 November 1936 and were scrapped in 1937 in Canada.

Reserve and disposals, 1926–1938

Of 67 vessels completed, four were lost or scrapped as a result of damage on active service during 1919–22; five (Fairfield's ''Spear'' and ''Sikh'', and the Yarrow Specials ''Tomahawk'', ''Tumult'' and ''Torch'') were scrapped in the late 1920s. On 31 December 1930 the London Naval Treaty came into force, limiting RN destroyers to a total of 150,000 tons by 31 December 1936. As new construction joined the fleet, the S class, being less capable than the contemporary V/W-class ships (which had only slightly higher displacement), were sold for scrap: 13 in 1931, 9 in 1932, 6 in 1934 and 10 in 1935. The terms of the London treaty expired at the end of 1936, nevertheless 8 more were scrapped in 1937 (all but one being RCN/RAN vessels) and 1 in 1938. Eleven vessels survived to see service during the Second World War, six in European waters, five in the Far East.

Second World War service, European waters

Following the outbreak of war both ''Shikari'' (the disarmed remote control vessel for target ships) and ''Sabre'' (which had been disarmed as an aircraft bombing target ship) were refitted for active service as escort vessels. ''Sturdy'', which had been refitted as a

minelayer A minelayer is any warship, submarine or military aircraft deploying explosive mines. Since World War I the term "minelayer" refers specifically to a naval ship used for deploying naval mines. "Mine planting" was the term for installing control ...

, sailed for

Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta i ...

in 1939 but was retained in the Mediterranean as attendant destroyer to the aircraft carrier , which operated as a training carrier based at Toulon between November 1939 and the French collapse in June 1940, after which she returned to home waters. ''Sabre'' was damaged by an accident early in the war and was under repair until spring 1940. At the time of the Dunkirk evacuation in May 1940, ''Sabre'', ''Scimitar'' and ''Shikari'' were with the 16th Destroyer Flotilla at Harwich and ''Saladin'' with the 11th Destroyer Flotilla at Devonport; all participated in the evacuation, carrying over 12,000 troops between them. ''Saladin'' was severely damaged by air attack on 28 May 1940, while ''Shikari'' was the last ship to leave Dunkirk, (at 0340 hrs, 4 June 1940), with enemy troops only away. HMS Saladin FL12573

By June 1940 ''Sabre'', ''Shikari'', ''Sturdy'', ''Scimitar'', ''Saladin'' and ''Sardonyx'' (together with the last R-class destroyer, ) had formed the 22nd Destroyer Flotilla at Portsmouth; they remained there in readiness to repel a

German invasion German invasion may refer to: Pre-1900s * German invasion of Hungary (1063) World War I * German invasion of Belgium (1914) * German invasion of Luxembourg (1914) World War II * Invasion of Poland * German invasion of Belgium (1940) * G ...

, until the autumn, when they started being allocated as escorts to Atlantic convoys. ''Sturdy'' was lost on 30 October 40 while on such duty. In 1941–42 they were refitted as escort vessels: the forward 4-inch gun was retained, but the other guns and torpedo tubes were landed; in their place, two quadruple 0.5-inch anti-aircraft (AA) guns were mounted between the funnels; a single a 12-pounder AA gun replaced the forward bank of tubes, and eight depth charge throwers plus two stern racks were added (40–70 depth charges were carried). Later four single 20 mm AA replaced the 0.5-inch machine guns, and the number of depth charge throwers was reduced to four. Type 291 radar was added. Deep load displacement rose to 1385–1400 tons; Their over-loading caused them to roll terribly in rough North Atlantic weather. By January 1941 they were all allocated to Atlantic convoy escort groups based at Derry, and later the 21st Escort Group based in Iceland, 1942–44. Their sole success against German

U-boat U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...

s was on 29 June 1941 when ''Scimitar'' was escorting

Convoy HX 133 Convoy HX 133 was the 133rd of the numbered series of World War II HX convoys of merchant ships from HalifaX to Liverpool. The ships departed Halifax on 16 June 1941,Hague p.127 and were found on 23 June by U-boats of the 1st U-boat Flotilla, ...

and participated in the destruction of ''U.651'' south of Iceland. As more modern ships reached the fleet in numbers, they transferred to coastal convoy work in Home Waters in late 1943-mid 1944. ''Scimitar'' and ''Saladin'' were involved in the

Exercise Tiger Exercise Tiger, or Operation Tiger, was one of a series of large-scale rehearsals for the D-Day invasion of Normandy, which took place in April 1944 on Slapton Sands in Devon. Coordination and communication problems resulted in friendly fire ...

debacle in April 1944. Most of them were paid off as training ships or to reserve in late 1944, although ''Sabre'' was still active as a coastal escort on VE Day.

Second World War service, Far East

HMS TENEDOS (H04) ALONGSIDE SS NORAH MOLLAR 3 FEB 1942

''Thanet'', ''Thracian'', ''Scout'', ''Tenedos'' and ''Stronghold'' were refitted for service in the Far East as local defense destroyers (''Sturdy'', ''Scimitar'' and ''Sardonyx'' were intended to join them in 1939–40, thereby creating a full flotilla). ''Sturdy'', ''Tenedos'' and ''Stronghold'' were refitted as minelayers, their torpedo tubes and aft guns were replaced by stowage for 40 mines. ''Tenedos'' and ''Stronghold'' laid defensive minefields around Singapore and Malaya, 1939–41. At the outbreak of war with Japan, on 7 December 1941, ''Tenedos'' and ''Stronghold'' were at Singapore, while ''Thanet'', ''Thracian'' and ''Scout'' were at Hong Kong. ''Scout'' and ''Thanet'' were ordered to Singapore on 8 December 1941, while ''Thracian'' remained to take part in the defense of Hong Kong, and was scuttled on 19 December 1941. ''Tenedos'' formed part of

Force Z Force Z was a British naval squadron during the Second World War, consisting of the battleship , the battlecruiser and accompanying destroyers. Assembled in 1941, the purpose of the group was to reinforce the British colonial garrisons in the ...

during the ill-fated sortie 8–10 December 1941 in which and were sunk. ''Thanet'' and ''Stronghold'' were sunk during the fall of the Malay Barrier, January–March 1942, while ''Scout'' and ''Tenedos'' were assigned to the

ABDA The American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Command, or ABDACOM, was a short-lived, supreme command for all Allied forces in South East Asia in early 1942, during the Pacific War in World War II. The command consists of the forces of Austra ...

Western Striking Force, and escaped to Ceylon in March 1942 following the Japanese invasion of Java. ''Tenedos'' was later sunk by Japanese carrier aircraft at Colombo, 5 April 1942, while ''Scout'' remained in service in the Indian Ocean until December 1943; her refit at Bombay was abandoned as uneconomic and she was laid up at

Trincomalee Trincomalee (; ta, திருகோணமலை, translit=Tirukōṇamalai; si, ත්‍රිකුණාමළය, translit= Trikuṇāmaḷaya), also known as Gokanna and Gokarna, is the administrative headquarters of the Trincomalee Dis ...

in June 1944 as an accommodation hulk; she was returned to UK in December 1945 and scrapped. Japanese patrol boat PB101 in 1942

''Thracian'' was salved by the Japanese and used as ''Patrol Vessel No.101'' (第101号哨戒艇) (refloated 10 July 1942, in service 25 November 1942); she was assigned to the Yokosuka Naval District as a coastal escort in Japanese waters for most of 1943, before becoming a radar training vessel at Yokosuka in March 1944; she was returned to RN control at Hong Kong in October 1945 and scrapped locally in February 1946.

Losses WWI

* ''Tryphon'' was stranded on rocks off Mudros in the Aegean on 4 May 1919, laying on her port side for three weeks until salved by ''Melita'' in June 1919; she was towed to Malta and declared a total loss; her wreck was sold on 27 September 1920 to Agius Bros of Malta, and scrapped. * ''Stonehenge'', newly arrived in the Mediterranean from the Atlantic, was wrecked near

Smyrna Smyrna ( ; grc, Σμύρνη, Smýrnē, or , ) was a Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to promi ...

on 6 November 1920 * ''Tobago'' struck a mine on 12 November 1920 about northeast of Trebizond in the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...

. She sustained serious damage, with a hole on the port side of her engine room; she was towed by the light cruiser from Trebizond to

Istanbul ) , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = 34000 to 34990 , area_code = +90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side) , registration_plate = 34 , blank_name_sec2 = GeoTLD , blank_i ...

; after temporary repairs, she was towed to Malta by the battleship , but was found to be beyond economic repair; she was subsequently sold on 9 February 1922 for scrapping at Malta. * ''Speedy'' was sunk in collision with a tug in the

Sea of Marmara The Sea of Marmara,; grc, Προποντίς, Προποντίδα, Propontís, Propontída also known as the Marmara Sea, is an inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey. It connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea via t ...

on 24 September 1922, during the time of the

Chanak Crisis The Chanak Crisis ( tr, Çanakkale Krizi), also called the Chanak Affair and the Chanak Incident, was a war scare in September 1922 between the United Kingdom and the Government of the Grand National Assembly in Turkey. ''Chanak'' refers to � ...

(10 killed).

Losses WWII

* ''Sturdy'' was wrecked on the rocks at Sandaig on the west coast of

Tiree Tiree (; gd, Tiriodh, ) is the most westerly island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. The low-lying island, southwest of Coll, has an area of and a population of around 650. The land is highly fertile, and crofting, alongside tourism, an ...

() during a storm on 30 October 1940, while escorting convoy SC.8 (5 lives lost). * ''Thracian'' was damaged by air attack during the battle of Hong Kong and was scuttled by deliberate grounding on Round Island in

Repulse Bay Repulse Bay or Tsin Shui Wan is a bay in the southern part of Hong Kong Island, located in the Southern District, Hong Kong. It is one of the most expensive residential areas in the world. Geography Repulse Bay is located in the southern ...

() on 16 December 1941; her crew subsequently took part in the land fighting (17 killed or died of wounds). * ''Thanet'' was sunk in action by gunfire of Japanese cruiser and destroyers , , , , and during the night action off Endau, Malaya (), 04:18 hrs, 27 January 1942; 38 killed in action (or executed by the Japanese). * ''Stronghold'': following the Japanese invasion of Java, ''Stronghold'' was carrying evacuees en route from

Tjilatjap Cilacap Regency ( jv, ꦏꦨꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦕꦶꦭꦕꦥ꧀, also spelt: Chilachap, old spelling: Tjilatjap, Sundanese: ) is a regency () in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. Its capital is the town of Cilacap. ...

, Java to Australia, when she was intercepted and sunk by the Japanese cruiser , and destroyers and , 1858 hours 2 March 1942 at position (c. 300 miles due south of Tulungagung, Java). About fifty survivors were picked up by the (captured) small Dutch merchant ''Bintoehan'' that later transferred them to ''Maya''.; 83 were killed in action, including the commanding officer, Lt.Cdr. Giles Robert Pretor-Pinney. * ''Tenedos'' was sunk during the Japanese carrier aircraft attack at

Colombo Colombo ( ; si, කොළඹ, translit=Koḷam̆ba, ; ta, கொழும்பு, translit=Koḻumpu, ) is the executive and judicial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population. According to the Brookings Institution, Colombo m ...

, Ceylon 5 April 1942; she was hit by two direct bomb hits aft, after two near misses (one astern, the other abreast her fore-funnel); 33 were killed in action. The wreck was removed in 1944.

Opinion

Admiral Cunningham, the Royal Navy's most famous Admiral of the Second World War, had a high opinion of this class:

Notes

Notes to tables of ships

References

Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:S-Class Destroyer (1917) Destroyer classes Ship classes of the Royal Navy