Ruy López de Villalobos

Ruy López de Villalobos (; ca. 1500 – April 4, 1546) was a Spanish explorer who sailed the Pacific from Mexico to establish a permanent foothold for Spain in the East Indies, which was near the Line of Demarcation between Spain and Portugal according to the Treaty of Zaragoza in 1529. Villalobos gave the Philippines their name, after calling them ''Las Islas Filipinas'' in honor of Philip of Austria, the Prince of Asturias at the time, who later became Philip II of Spain.

Expedition to the Philippine Islands

López de Villalobos was commissioned in 1541 by the Viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, who was the first colonial administrator in the New World, to send an expedition to the ''Islas del Poniente'', meaning ''Islands of the West'', now known as the Philippines. His fleet of six galleon ships, the ''Santiago'', ''San Jorge'', ''San Antonio'', ''San Cristóbal'', ''San Martín'', and ''San Juan'', left Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico with 370 to 400 men on November 1, 1542. The fleet first encountered the Revilla Gigedo Islands off the west coast of Mexico, among which the sighting of Roca Partida was reported for the first time. On 26 December 1542 they sighted a group of islands in the Marshalls that they called ''Corales'' (Corals in Spanish), which most probably are those of the Wotje Atoll. They thought these to be the ''Los Reyes'' islands previously charted by Álvaro de Saavedra in his 1528 expedition. They anchored at one of the islets that they named ''San Esteban'' (St. Stephen). They left on 6 January 1543 and that same day they sighted several small islands on the same latitude as the Corales, which they named ''Los Jardines (The Gardens)'', which were those of Kwajalein. On 23 January 1543 the expedition found Fais in the Carolines that they charted as ''Matelotes''. On 26 January 1543 they charted some new islands as ''Los Arrecifes'' (The Reefs) which have been identified as the Yaps also in the Carolines.

According to Oskar Spate with Villalobos there was the pilot Juan Gaetan, credited for the discovery of Hawaii by La Perouse. Gaetan's voyage is described in similar terms, with the same sequence of islands in 1753, with no identification to any others known at the time, which is an a posteriori conjecture. In 1825, Casado Giraldes, a Portuguese geographer states that the Sandwich Islands were discovered by Gaetan in 1542, and does not even mention James Cook.

Between January 6 and 23, 1543, the galleon ''San Cristóbal'' piloted by Gines de Mafra, who was a member of the crew of the Magellan expedition in 1519–1522, was separated from the fleet during a severe storm. This ship eventually reached the island of Mazaua, a place where Magellan anchored in 1521. This was the second visit of de Mafra to the Philippines, which is identified today as Limasawa in the southern island of Leyte. The story of Limasawa was written in 1667 by a Jesuit priest, Friar Francisco Combés. His documents on ''"Limasawa"'' has been translated by historians.

On February 29, 1543, they entered Baganga Bay, which they named Malaga on the eastern coast of Mindanao. López de Villalobos named Mindanao " Caesarea Karoli" after the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V of Spain. The fleet stayed there for 32 days; the entire crew suffered extreme hunger. He ordered his men to plant corn but it failed. On March 31, 1543, the fleet left in search of Mazaua for food. Because of low-winds they could not sail on. After several days of struggle, they reached Sarangani.

A Portuguese contingent arrived on August 7, and delivered a letter from Jorge de Castro, governor of the Moluccas, demanding an explanation for the presence of the fleet in Portuguese territory. López de Villalobos responded, in a letter dated August 9, that they were not trespassing, and were within the Demarcation Line of the Crown of Castile.

The San Juan left for Mexico on August 27, 1543, with Bernardo de la Torre as captain. Another letter from Castro arrived in the first week of September with the same protest, and López de Villalobos wrote a reply dated September 12, 1543, with the same message as his first. He departed to Abuyog, Leyte with his remaining ships, the ''San Juan'', and the ''San Cristóbal''. The fleet could not make headway because of unfavorable winds. In April 1544, he sailed for Island of Amboyna. He, and his crew members then made their way to the islands of Samar, and Leyte, which he named ''Las Islas Filipinas (The Philippine Islands)'' in honour of the Prince of Spain, Philip II. Driven away by hostile natives, hunger, and a shipwreck, López de Villalobos was forced to abandon his settlements in the islands, and the expedition. He, and his crew members sought refuge in the Moluccas, where they quarrelled with the Portuguese, who imprisoned them.

López de Villalobos died on April 4, 1544, in his prison cell on the island of Amboyna, of a tropical fever, or as the Portuguese said "of a broken heart".William Henry Scott (1985) ''Cracks in the Parchment Curtain'' p54 Some 117 remaining crew members survived, among them were de Mafra, and Guido de Lavezaris. De Mafra produced one manuscript on the Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation, and had this delivered to Spain by a friend on board. They sailed for Malacca, where the Portuguese put them on a ship bound for Lisbon. Thirty elected to remain, including de Mafra. His manuscript remained unrecognized for many centuries. It was discovered in the 20th century, and published in 1920.

An account of the voyage based on the recollections of a surviving Italian sailor, Juan Gaetano, was published in 1550-1559 by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, an Italian historian, in his ''Navigationi et Viaggi'' ("Navigations and Travels"); a collection of explorers' first-hand accounts of their travels which also included accounts of Marco Polo, Magellan, Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and others.Quanchi, ''Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands'', page 247

References

Publications

*de Jesus, Vicente C. (2002). Mazaua Historiography. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
*''De la Costa', Horacio. 1958. "The Villalobos Expedition 1542-1546." In: ''The Bulletin of the Philippine Historical Association'', No. 5, September.''
*''Escalante Alvarado, García de. 1546. ''Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquesta y organización de las Antiguas posesiones españolas en América y Oceania'' (42 v., Madrid, 1864-1884), tomo v, pp. 117–209.''
*''Howgego, Ramond John. 2002. ''Encyclopedia of Exploration''. Sydney: Hordern House.''
*''Lach, Donald. 1965. ''Asia in the Making of Europe''. Vol. 1, Chicago, p. 643.''
*''Noone, Martín J. ''The Discovery and Conquest of the Philippines 1521–1581. Ireland, 1983.''
*
*''Rebelo, Gabriel. 1561. ''Historia das ilhas de Maluco''. In: ''Documentação para a História das Missões do Padroado Português do Oriente: Insulíndia''. Lisboã: Agencia Geral do Ultramar. 1955. Cited by José Manuel Garcia in ''As Filipinas na historiografía portuguesa do século XVI'',Centro Portugués de Estudos do Sudeste Asiático, Porto: 2003.''
*''Santisteban, Fray Geronimo de. 1546. ''Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquesta y organización de las antiguas posesiones españolas en América y Oceania'' (42 v., Madrid, 1864–1884), tomo v., pp. 151–165.''
*''Sharp, Andrew. 1960. ''The Discovery of the Pacific Islands''. London: Osford University Press.''
*

External links

The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea by Roque Santacruz, Chapter IVPacific Maritime History Mazaua: Magellan's Lost Harbour

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lopez De Villalobos, Ruy
People of Spanish colonial Philippines
Spanish explorers
Spanish explorers of the Pacific
Explorers of Asia
People of New Spain
1500 births
1544 deaths
Colonial Mexico
16th-century Spanish people
16th-century explorers
People from Málaga
Spanish East Indies