The Rumsen (also known as Rumsien, San Carlos Costanoan, and Carmeleno) are one of eight groups of the Ohlone, an indigenous people of California. Their historical territory included coastal and inland areas within what is now Monterey County, California, including the Monterey Peninsula. Today, like other Ohlone, Rumsen do not have federal recognition but continue to sustain their culture and community presence in central California. This is despite the fact the Rumsen signed a treaty with the United States: the Treaty of Camp Belt, signed May 13, 1851. The treaty was then taken to Washington DC and hidden for 30 years while the US government attempted to learn if the land and water sources they "gave" to these tribes had gold in their streams or rivers.

Territory

The Rumsen historically shared a common language, Rumsen, which was spoken from the Pajaro River to Point Sur, and on the lower courses of the Pajaro, as well as on the Salinas and Carmel Rivers, and the region of the present-day cities of Salinas, Monterey and Carmel Valley. The Rumsen tribe held the lower Carmel River Valley and neighboring Monterey Peninsula at the time of Spanish colonization. Their population of approximately 400 to 500 people was distributed among at least five villages within their territory. An early 20th-century mapping of a specific village called Rumsen on the Carmel River, several miles inland from the Mission in Carmel, may or may not be accurate.Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. ''Handbook of the Indians of California''. Washington, D.C: ''Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin'' No. 78. (Map of villages, page 465) Mission registers indicate that " Tucutnut", about three miles upstream from the mouth of the Carmel River, was the largest village of the Rumsen local tribe.

History

The Rumsen were the first Costanoan people to be seen and documented by the Spanish explorers of Northern California, as noted by Sebastian Vizcaíno when he reached Monterey in 1602. Since this first Spanish contact,

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s may have occasionally ventured up the California coastline and stopped in Monterey Bay between 1602 and 1769. During the era of Spanish missions in California, the Rumsen people's lives changed when the Spaniards came from the south to build the Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo and the Monterey Presidio in their territory. The baptism of many was coerced between 1771 and 1808. Once baptized, the Rumsen people were enslaved and forced to live in the mission village and its surrounding ranches. They were taught as Catholic ''neophytes'', also known as Mission Indians, until the missions were secularized (discontinued) by the Mexican Government in 1834. Some Mission San Carlos Indian people were formally deeded plots upon secularization, only to have those plots stolen during the Rancho Period. At least since the mission era, the people of the Esselen Nation claim close association with the Rumsen Ohlone, through Mission integration and intermarriage.

Rumsen-speaking tribes and heritage

Dialects of the Rumsen language were spoken by four independent local tribes, including the ''Rumsen'' themselves, the ''Ensen'' of the Salinas vicinity, the ''Calendaruc'' of the central shoreline of Monterey Bay, and the ''Sargentaruc'' of the Big Sur Coast. The territory of the language group was bordered by Monterey Bay and the

Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the conti ...

to the west, the Awaswas Ohlone to the north, the

Mutsun Mutsun (also known as San Juan Bautista Costanoan) is a Utian language spoken in Northern California. It was the primary language of a division of the Ohlone people living in the Mission San Juan Bautista area. The Tamien Nation and band is c ...

Ohlone to the east, the Chalon Ohlone on the southeast, and the Esselen to the south.

Linda Yamane Linda Yamane (born 1949) is an Rumsien Ohlone artist and historian, and has reconstructed and "almost singlehandedly revived" the Rumsien language, Rumsien basket-making methods, and other Rumsien traditions. Family life Yamane was born in ...

is an Ohlone scholar and basket weaver who traces her heritage to the Rumsen Ohlone. She has spent more than 30 years researching and reviving Rumsen language, stories, songs, basketry, and other Ohlone cultural traditions.Linda Yamane
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