Rolling and wheeled creatures in fiction and legend
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Legend A legend is a Folklore genre, genre of folklore that consists of a narrative featuring human actions, believed or perceived, both by teller and listeners, to have taken place in human history. Narratives in this genre may demonstrate human valu ...
s and
speculative fiction Speculative fiction is a term that has been used with a variety of (sometimes contradictory) meanings. The broadest interpretation is as a category of fiction encompassing genres with elements that do not exist in reality, recorded history, na ...
reveal a longstanding human fascination with rolling and wheeled creatures. Such creatures appear in mythologies from Europe, Japan,
pre-Columbian In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era spans from the original settlement of North and South America in the Upper Paleolithic period through European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492. Usually, th ...
Mexico, the United States, and Australia, and in numerous modern works.


Rolling creatures

The
triskelion A triskelion or triskeles is an ancient motif consisting of a triple spiral exhibiting rotational symmetry. The spiral design can be based on interlocking Archimedean spirals, or represent three bent human legs. It is found in artefacts of ...
is a motif with
central symmetry In geometry, a point reflection (point inversion, central inversion, or inversion through a point) is a type of isometry of Euclidean space. An object that is invariant under a point reflection is said to possess point symmetry; if it is invari ...
used since ancient times. A variant with three human legs appears in the medieval
flag of the Isle of Man The flag of the Isle of Man or flag of Mann ( gv, brattagh Vannin) is a triskelion, composed of three armoured legs with golden spurs, upon a red background. It has been the official flag of the Isle of Mann since 1 December 1932 and is based o ...
. A variant with the head of Medusa in the union of the legs is associated with
Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...
. It is not known the meaning it had in antiquity or its original Greek name. The
hoop snake The hoop snake is a legendary creature of the United States, Canada, and Australia. It appears in the Pecos Bill stories; although his description of hoop snakes is the one with which people are most familiar, stories of the creature predate those ...
, a creature of legend in the United States and Australia, is said to grasp its tail in its mouth and roll like a wheel towards its prey. Japanese culture includes a similar mythical creature, the ''
Tsuchinoko In Japanese folklore, the , literally translating to "child of hammer", is a snake-like being. The name ''tsuchinoko'' is prevalent in Western Japan, including Kansai and Shikoku; the creature is known as in Northeastern Japan. Tsuchinoko are ...
''. Buer, a
demon A demon is a malevolent supernatural entity. Historically, belief in demons, or stories about demons, occurs in religion, occultism, literature, fiction, mythology, and folklore; as well as in media such as comics, video games, movies, ani ...
mentioned in the 16th-century
grimoire A grimoire ( ) (also known as a "book of spells" or a "spellbook") is a textbook of magic, typically including instructions on how to create magical objects like talismans and amulets, how to perform magical spells, charms and divination, and ...
''
Pseudomonarchia Daemonum ''Pseudomonarchia Daemonum'', or ''False Monarchy of Demons'', first appears as an Appendix to ''De praestigiis daemonum'' (1577) by Johann Weyer.Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (Liber officiorum spirituum); Johann Weyer, ed. Joseph Peterson; 2000. Avai ...
'', was described in
Collin de Plancy Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy (28 January 1793 in Plancy-l'Abbaye – 1881 in Paris) was a French occultist, demonologist and writer. He published several works on occultism and demonology. Biography He was born Jacques Albin Simon Colli ...
's 1825 edition of ''
Dictionnaire Infernal The ''Dictionnaire infernal'' ( en, "Infernal Dictionary") is a book on demonology, describing demons organised in hierarchies. It was written by Jacques Collin de Plancy and first published in 1818. There were several editions of the book; per ...
'' as having "the shape of a star or wheel". The 1863 edition of this book featured an illustration by
Louis Le Breton Louis Le Breton (1818 in Douarnenez – 1866) was a French painter who specialised in marine paintings. Le Breton studied medicine and took part in Dumont d'Urville's second voyage aboard the ''Astrolabe''. After the official illustrator of the ...
, depicting a creature with five legs radially arranged.
Neil R. Jones Neil Ronald Jones (May 29, 1909 – February 15, 1988) was an American writer who worked for the state of New York. Not prolific, and little remembered today, Jones was ground-breaking in science fiction. His first story, "The Death's Head Meteo ...
' 1937 story "On the Planet Fragment" features aliens dubbed the Disci, which are shaped like wheels, with limbs around the circumference. One of their methods of locomotion is a "rolling motion like that of a cartwheel." The 1944 science fiction short story "
Arena An arena is a large enclosed platform, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theatre, musical performances, or sporting events. It is composed of a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for spectators ...
", by
Fredric Brown Fredric Brown (October 29, 1906 – March 11, 1972) was an American science fiction, fantasy, and mystery writer.D. J. McReynolds, "The Short Fiction of Fredric Brown" in Frank N. Magill, (ed.) ''Survey of Science Fiction Literature'', Vol. 4 ...
, features a telepathic alien called an Outsider, which is roughly spherical and moves by rolling. The story was the basis for a 1967 ''
Star Trek ''Star Trek'' is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry, which began with the eponymous 1960s television series and quickly became a worldwide pop-culture phenomenon. The franchise has expanded into vari ...
'' episode of the same name, and possibly also a 1964 episode of '' The Outer Limits'' entitled "Fun and Games", though neither television treatment included a spherical creature. The Dutch graphic artist
M. C. Escher Maurits Cornelis Escher (; 17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972) was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints. Despite wide popular interest, Escher was for most of his life neglected in t ...
invented a creature that was capable of rolling itself forward, which he named ''Pedalternorotandomovens centroculatus articulosus''. He illustrated this creature in his 1951 lithograph (also known by the English title ''Curl-up''). A 1956
Scrooge McDuck Scrooge McDuck is a cartoon character created in 1947 by Carl Barks for The Walt Disney Company. Appearing in Disney comics, Scrooge is a Scottish-American anthropomorphic Pekin duck. Like his nephew Donald Duck, he has a yellow-orange bil ...
comic, ''
Land Beneath the Ground! "Land Beneath the Ground!" is a Scrooge McDuck comic book story that appeared in 1956 in the comic book ''Uncle Scrooge'', written by Carl Barks. Plot Worried about earthquakes damaging his money bin, Scrooge McDuck is determined to find out wha ...
'', by
Carl Barks Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was an American cartoonist, author, and painter. He is best known for his work in Disney comic books, as the writer and artist of the first Donald Duck stories and as the creator of Scrooge McDuck ...
, introduced Terries and Fermies (a play on the phrase '' terra firma''), creatures who move from place to place by rolling. The Terries and Fermies have made a sport of their rolling abilities, causing earthquakes in the process. Northern Irish author James White's ''
Sector General ''Sector General'' is a series of twelve science fiction novels and various short stories by the Northern Irish author James White. The series derives its name from the setting of the majority of the books, the Sector 12 General Hospital, a hug ...
'' series features "Rollers" from the planet Drambo, doughnut-shaped aquatic organisms that do not have
heart The heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide t ...
s, but which instead must roll continuously to maintain circulation by means of gravity. The Rollers are described in the short story "Spacebird" in the 1980 edition of '' Ambulance Ship'', and in other works in the series. The 1982 puppet-animated fantasy film ''
The Dark Crystal ''The Dark Crystal'' is a 1982 dark fantasy film directed by Jim Henson and Frank Oz. It stars the voices of Stephen Garlick, Lisa Maxwell, Billie Whitelaw, Percy Edwards, and Barry Dennen. The film was produced by ITC Entertainment and The J ...
'', directed by
Jim Henson James Maury Henson (September 24, 1936 – May 16, 1990) was an American puppeteer, animator, cartoonist, actor, inventor, and filmmaker who achieved worldwide notice as the creator of The Muppets and '' Fraggle Rock'' (1983–1987) and ...
and
Frank Oz Frank Oz (born Frank Richard Oznowicz; May 25, 1944) is an American actor, puppeteer, and filmmaker. He began his career as a puppeteer, performing the Muppet characters of Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, and Sam Eagle in ''The Muppet Show ...
, introduced the character Fizzgig, a dog-like companion creature that rolls from place to place. In 2015, an original film puppet of Fizzgig was put on auction with an estimated value of $12,000–$15,000. In '' The Citadel of Chaos'' (1983) by Steve Jackson, the reader encounters Wheelies, disc-shaped creatures with four arms who move by doing cartwheels. ''
Tuf Voyaging ''Tuf Voyaging'' is a 1986 science fiction fix-up novel by American writer George R. R. Martin, first published in hardcover by Baen Books. It is a darkly comic meditation on environmentalism and absolute power. This novel is a collection of rel ...
'', a 1986 science fiction novel by
George R. R. Martin George Raymond Richard Martin (born George Raymond Martin; September 20, 1948), also known as GRRM, is an American novelist, screenwriter, television producer and short story writer. He is the author of the series of epic fantasy novels ''A Song ...
, features an alien called a Rolleram, described as a "berserk living cannonball of enormous size", which kills its prey by rolling over it and crushing it, before digesting it externally. Adults of the species weigh approximately six metric tons and can roll faster than . In the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game series, which first appeared in 1991, the eponymous
Sonic Sonic or Sonics may refer to: Companies *Sonic Drive-In, an American drive-in fast-food restaurant chain *Sonic (ISP), an Internet provider and CLEC, serving more than 100 California communities *Sonic Foundry, a computer software company whic ...
and his sidekick Tails are capable of moving by rolling. The 1995 short story "Microbe", by
Kenyon College Kenyon College is a private liberal arts college in Gambier, Ohio. It was founded in 1824 by Philander Chase. Kenyon College is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Kenyon has 1,708 undergraduates enrolled. Its 1,000-acre campus is se ...
biologist and
feminist science fiction Feminist science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction (abbreviated "SF") focused on theories that include feminist themes including but not limited to gender inequality, sexuality, race, economics, reproduction, and environment. Feminist ...
writer
Joan Slonczewski Joan Lyn Slonczewski is an American microbiologist at Kenyon College and a science fiction writer who explores biology and space travel. Their books have twice earned the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel: ''A Door i ...
, describes an exploratory expedition to an alien world whose plant and animal life consists entirely of doughnut-shaped organisms.


Wheeled creatures

Toy animals with wheels dating from the
Pre-Columbian era In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era spans from the Migration to the New World, original settlement of North and South America in the Upper Paleolithic period through European colonization of the Americas, European colonization, w ...
were uncovered by archaeologists in
Veracruz Veracruz (), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Me ...
, Mexico in the 1940s. The indigenous peoples of this region did not use wheels for transportation prior to the arrival of Europeans.
L. Frank Baum Lyman Frank Baum (; May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his children's books, particularly ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' and its sequels. He wrote 14 novels in the ''Oz'' series, plus 41 other novels (not includ ...
's 1907 children's novel ''
Ozma of Oz ''Ozma of Oz: A Record of Her Adventures with Dorothy Gale of Kansas, Billina the Yellow Hen, the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, the Cowardly Lion and the Hungry Tiger; Besides Other Good People Too Numerous to Mention Faithfully Recorded Herein'', p ...
'' features humanoid creatures with wheels instead of hands and feet, called Wheelers. Their wheels are composed of
keratin Keratin () is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as ''scleroproteins''. Alpha-keratin (α-keratin) is a type of keratin found in vertebrates. It is the key structural material making up scales, hair, nails, feathers, ho ...
, which has been suggested by biologists as a means of avoiding nutrient and waste transfer problems with living wheels. Despite moving quickly on open terrain, the Wheelers are stymied by obstacles in their path that do not hinder creatures with limbs. They also make an appearance in the 1985 film ''
Return to Oz ''Return to Oz'' is a 1985 dark fantasy film released by Walt Disney Pictures, co-written and directed by Walter Murch. It stars Nicol Williamson, Jean Marsh, Piper Laurie, and Fairuza Balk as Dorothy Gale in her first screen role. The film is an ...
'', based partly on ''Ozma of Oz''. The surrealist artist
Remedios Varo María de los Remedios Alicia Rodriga Varo y Uranga (16 December 1908 – 8 October 1963) was a Spanish-born Mexican surrealist artist working in Spain, France, and Mexico. Early life Remedios Varo Uranga was born in Anglès, is a small town ...
(1908–1963) painted images of fantastical creatures with wheels as their bases, such as ''Homo rodans'' (1959), ''Fantastic animal'' (1959), and ''The Ladies at Bonhuer''. The 1966 novella ''
The Last Castle ''The Last Castle'' is a 2001 American action drama film directed by Rod Lurie, starring Robert Redford, James Gandolfini, Mark Ruffalo and Delroy Lindo. The film portrays a struggle between inmates and the warden of a military prison, based on ...
'' by
Jack Vance John Holbrook Vance (August 28, 1916 – May 26, 2013) was an American mystery, fantasy, and science fiction writer. Though most of his work has been published under the name Jack Vance, he also wrote several mystery novels under pen names. ...
describes "power-wagons" as creatures with a mix of biological and mechanical elements, including wheels. The 1968 novel ''
The Goblin Reservation ''The Goblin Reservation'' is a 1968 science fiction novel by American writer Clifford D. Simak, featuring an educated Neanderthal, a biomechanical sabertooth tiger, aliens that move about on wheels, a man who time-travels using an unreliable de ...
'' by
Clifford D. Simak Clifford Donald Simak (; August 3, 1904 – April 25, 1988) was an American science fiction writer. He won three Hugo Awards and one Nebula Award. The Science Fiction Writers of America made him its third SFWA Grand Master, and the Horror Wr ...
features an intelligent alien race that uses biological wheels. ''
Chorlton and the Wheelies ''Chorlton and the Wheelies'' is an animated television series, animated children's television series that ran from 26 September 1976 until 17 December 1978 on the British television channel ITV (TV network), ITV. 40 episodes were produced. The ...
'', a British
stop-motion Stop motion is an animated filmmaking technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exhibit independent motion or change when the series of frames i ...
-animated television series that aired from 1976 to 1979, was set in "Wheelie World", which was inhabited by three-wheeled creatures called "wheelies".
Piers Anthony Piers Anthony Dillingham Jacob (born 6 August 1934) is an American author in the science fiction and Fantasy (genre), fantasy genres, publishing under the name Piers Anthony. He is best known for his :Xanth books, long-running novel series set in ...
's 1977 book ''
Cluster may refer to: Science and technology Astronomy * Cluster (spacecraft), constellation of four European Space Agency spacecraft * Asteroid cluster, a small asteroid family * Cluster II (spacecraft), a European Space Agency mission to study t ...
'' and its sequels feature aliens called Polarians, which locomote by gripping and balancing atop a large ball. The ball is a living, though temporarily separable, portion of the Polarian's body.
David Brin Glen David Brin (born October 6, 1950) is an American scientist and author of science fiction. He has won the Hugo,''Uplift'' Universe includes a wheeled species called the g'Kek, which are described in some detail in the 1995 novel ''
Brightness Reef The Uplift Storm trilogy, also simply called ''The Uplift Trilogy'' is a series of novels set in David Brin's Uplift Universe. The entire trilogy is one long tale, with no gaps in the timeline between volumes. The three novels are: * ''Brightne ...
''. In 1996's ''
Infinity's Shore The Uplift Storm trilogy, also simply called ''The Uplift Trilogy'' is a series of novels set in David Brin's Uplift Universe. The entire trilogy is one long tale, with no gaps in the timeline between volumes. The three novels are: * ''Brightne ...
'', a g'Kek is described as looking like "a squid in a wheelchair." The g'Kek suffer from
arthritic Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some ...
axles in their old age, particularly when living in a high-gravity environment. A 1997 novel in the ''
Animorphs ''Animorphs'' is a science fantasy series of children's books written by Katherine Applegate and her husband Michael Grant, writing together under the name K. A. Applegate, and published by Scholastic. It is told in first person, with all ...
'' series, ''
The Andalite Chronicles ''The Andalite Chronicles'' is a science-fiction novel and is the first companion book to the ''Animorphs'' series, written by K. A. Applegate. Within the timeline of the series, this book takes place before the first book in the series, ''The ...
'', includes an alien called a Mortron, composed of two separate entities: a yellow and black bottom half with four wheels, and a red, elongated head with razor-sharp teeth and concealed wings. The 2000 novel ''
The Amber Spyglass ''The Amber Spyglass'' is the third novel in the ''His Dark Materials'' trilogy by Philip Pullman. Published in 2000, it won the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year award, the first children's novel to do so. It was named Children's Book of the Yea ...
'', by English author
Philip Pullman Sir Philip Nicholas Outram Pullman (born 19 October 1946) is an English writer. His books include the fantasy trilogy ''His Dark Materials'' and ''The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ'', a fictionalised biography of Jesus. In 2008, ''The ...
, features an alien race known as the
Mulefa ''His Dark Materials'' is a trilogy of fantasy novels by Philip Pullman consisting of '' Northern Lights'' (1995) (published as ''The Golden Compass'' in North America), ''The Subtle Knife'' (1997), and ''The Amber Spyglass'' (2000). This is a lis ...
, which have diamond-shaped bodies with one leg at the front and back and one on each side. The Mulefa use large, disk-shaped seed pods as wheels. They mount the pods on bone axles on their front and back legs, while propelling themselves with their side legs. The Mulefa have a
symbiotic Symbiosis (from Greek , , "living together", from , , "together", and , bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasit ...
relationship with the seed pod trees, which depend on the rolling action to crack open the pods and allow the seeds to disperse. In the 2000 novel ''Wheelers'', by English mathematician Ian Stewart and reproductive biologist Jack Cohen, a
Jovian Jovian is the adjectival form of Jupiter and may refer to: * Jovian (emperor) (Flavius Iovianus Augustus), Roman emperor (363–364 AD) * Jovians and Herculians, Roman imperial guard corps * Jovian (lemur), a Coquerel's sifaka known for ''Zoboomafo ...
species called "blimps" has developed the ability to biologically produce machines called "wheelers", which use wheels for locomotion. The children's television series ''
Jungle Junction ''Jungle Junction'' is a CGI interactive computer-animated children's television series created by Trevor Ricketts. In the United States, it was originally part of the Playhouse Disney daily block intended for preschoolers. On 14 February 2011, ...
'', which premiered in 2009, features hybrid jungle animals with wheels rather than legs; one such animal, Ellyvan, is a hybrid of an
elephant Elephants are the largest existing land animals. Three living species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. They are the only surviving members of the family Elephantidae an ...
and a
van A van is a type of road vehicle used for transporting goods or people. Depending on the type of van, it can be bigger or smaller than a pickup truck and SUV, and bigger than a common car. There is some varying in the scope of the word across th ...
. These animals traverse their habitat on elevated
highway A highway is any public or private road or other public way on land. It is used for major roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks. In some areas of the United States, it is used as an equivalent term to controlled-access ...
s. The 2021 Japanese children's
stop motion Stop motion is an animated filmmaking technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exhibit independent motion or change when the series of frames i ...
animated series '' Pui Pui Molcar'' features guinea pig/vehicle hybrids. They are sentient, but are shown being driven around on roads by humans. Although they have wheels, they are usually shown using them like feet to walk and run.


References

{{reflist, 30em, refs= {{cite book, last1=White, first1=James, author-link1=James White (author), title=Ambulance Ship, date=1980, publisher= Ballantine, isbn=978-0-345-28513-3, chapter=Spacebird {{Cite book , last = Anthony , first = Piers , author-link = Piers Anthony , title = Cluster , publisher = Avon Books , date = October 1977 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKMoAwAAQBAJ , via = Google Books , pages = 18–20,143 , isbn = 978-1-61756-013-2 {{Cite book , last = Applegate , first = K. A. , author-link = K. A. Applegate , title = The Andalite Chronicles , publisher = Scholastic Press , series =
Animorphs ''Animorphs'' is a science fantasy series of children's books written by Katherine Applegate and her husband Michael Grant, writing together under the name K. A. Applegate, and published by Scholastic. It is told in first person, with all ...
, year = 1997 , isbn = 978-0-590-10971-0 , url = https://archive.org/details/andalitechronicl00appl
{{isfdb title, id=41651, title=Arena {{Cite book , last = Baum , first = Lyman Frank , author-link = L. Frank Baum , others = John Rea Neill (illustrator) , title = Ozma of Oz , publisher = The Reilly & Britton Co. , series = Oz , volume = 3 , year = 1907 , location = Chicago , pages = 44–45 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A-EQAAAAYAAJ&q=%22ozma%20of%20oz%22%20wheelers&pg=PP1 , via = Google Books , isbn = 978-1-173-24727-0 {{cite news, title=Disney success for Cornish company, url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-13989213 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170304060808/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-13989213 , archive-date = March 4, 2017 , url-status = live , publisher=
BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board ex ...
, date=July 1, 2011
{{Cite book , last = Brin , first = David , author-link = David Brin , title = Brightness Reef , publisher = Random House , series =
Uplift trilogy The Uplift Storm trilogy, also simply called ''The Uplift Trilogy'' is a series of novels set in David Brin's Uplift Universe. The entire trilogy is one long tale, with no gaps in the timeline between volumes. The three novels are: * ''Brightne ...
, volume = 1 , year = 1995 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KAE_b_NepzYC&q=%22brightness%20reef%22&pg=PP1 , via = Google Books , isbn = 978-0-553-57330-5
{{Cite book , last = Brin , first = David , title = Infinity's Shore , publisher = Easton Press , series =
Uplift trilogy The Uplift Storm trilogy, also simply called ''The Uplift Trilogy'' is a series of novels set in David Brin's Uplift Universe. The entire trilogy is one long tale, with no gaps in the timeline between volumes. The three novels are: * ''Brightne ...
, volume = 2 , year = 1996 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AI7tfpHt8MoC&q=%22squid%20in%20a%20wheelchair%22&pg=PP1 , via = Google Books , isbn = 978-1-85723-565-4
{{Cite book , last = Brown , first = Fredric , author-link = Fredric Brown , title = Arena , publisher = Astounding Stories , year = 1944 , url = http://arthursclassicnovels.com/arthurs/brown-f/arena10.html , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090414001459/http://arthursclassicnovels.com/arthurs/brown-f/arena10.html , archive-date = April 14, 2009 , isbn = 978-9635234974 {{cite web , title = Uncle Scrooge: Land Beneath the Ground! , work = Inducks Database , publisher = COA , url = https://inducks.org/story.php?c=W+US+++13-02 , accessdate = July 15, 2012 {{cite web , title = Terries and Fermies , work = Inducks Database , publisher = COA , url = https://inducks.org/character.php?c=Terries+and+Fermies , accessdate = July 15, 2012 {{cite web, url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2021/02/16/the-fans-have-spoken-pui-pui-molcar-is-the-best-anime-of-winter-2021, title=The Fans Have Spoken: Pui Pui Molcar Is the Best Anime of Winter 2021, website=Crunchyroll, date=February 16, 2021, access-date=February 21, 2021 {{cite book, last1=de Plancy, first1=Jacques-Albin-Simon Collin, author-link=Jacques Collin de Plancy, language=fr, title=Dictionnaire infernal, date=1825, publisher=P. Mongie aîné, pag
478
url=https://archive.org/details/dictionnaireinf03plangoog, accessdate=12 September 2016
{{cite book, last1=de Plancy, first1=Jacques-Albin-Simon Collin, author-link=Jacques Collin de Plancy, language=fr, title=Dictionnaire infernal, date=1863, editor=Henri Plon, page=123, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REN0H5OXxjYC, accessdate=12 September 2016, isbn=978-2051012775 {{cite journal , last = Diamond , first = Jared , author-link = Jared Diamond , title = The Biology of the Wheel , journal = Nature , volume = 302 , pages = 572–573 , doi = 10.1038/302572a0 , pmid = 6835391 , date = April 14, 1983 , issue = 5909 , bibcode = 1983Natur.302..572D , s2cid = 4273917 , doi-access = free {{subscription required, s {{Cite episode , title = The Treasure of Jungle Junction , url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSGnUHaArwo , accessdate = December 4, 2014 , series = Jungle Junction , series-link = Jungle Junction , network = Disney Channel , date = October 3, 2009 , series-no = 1 , number = 4a {{cite book, last1=White, first1=James, title=Double Contact, date=1999, isbn=978-0-7653-8986-2, page=131, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyXFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131, via = Google Books {{Cite book , last = Escher , first = Maurits Cornelis , author-link = M. C. Escher , title = M.C. Escher, the graphic work , publisher = Taschen , year = 2001 , location = Germany , pages = 14, 65 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lq-EZiRdPswC&q=escher+%22curl-up%22&pg=PP1 , isbn = 978-3-8228-5864-6 {{cite web, title=『PUI PUI モルカー』ってなに!? Twitterで話題沸騰のパペットアニメ。いまなら最新話に追いつける!, url=https://www.famitsu.com/news/202101/17212883.html, publisher=
Famitsu formerly ''Famicom Tsūshin'', is a line of Japanese video game magazines published by Kadokawa Game Linkage (previously known as Gzbrain), a subsidiary of Kadokawa. ''Famitsu'' is published in both weekly and monthly formats as well as in the fo ...
, date=February 4, 2021, accessdate=February 16, 2021, language=ja
{{cite book, last1=White, first1=James, title=Final Diagnosis, url=https://archive.org/details/finaldiagnosisse00whit, url-access=registration, date=1997, publisher=Tor Books, isbn=978-0-8125-6268-2 {{cite journal , last1 = Full , first1 = Robert , last2 = Earis , first2 = Kathleen , last3 = Wong , first3 = Mary , last4 = Caldwell , first4 = Roy , title = Locomotion like a wheel? , journal = Nature , volume = 365 , pages = 495 , doi = 10.1038/365495a0 , date = October 7, 1993 , issue = 6446 , bibcode = 1993Natur.365..495F , s2cid = 41320779 , doi-access = free {{cite news, title=A Salute to the Wheel, first=Megan, last=Gambino, work= Smithsonian, date=June 17, 2009, url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/a-salute-to-the-wheel-31805121/, archive-url=https://archive.today/20170626042438/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/a-salute-to-the-wheel-31805121/, archive-date=June 26, 2017, url-status=live {{cite web , title=Creatures of Thra , url=http://www.darkcrystal.com/encyclopedia_creaturesofthra.php , website=DarkCrystal.com , publisher=
The Jim Henson Company The Jim Henson Company (formerly known as Muppets, Inc., Henson Associates, Inc., and Jim Henson Productions, Inc.; commonly referred to as Henson) is an American entertainment company located in Los Angeles, California. The company is known for ...
, accessdate=21 October 2019
{{IMDb title, 1443631, Jungle Junction (2009– ) {{Cite web , title = Wheelers , publisher = Kirkus Reviews , date = September 15, 2000 , url = https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ian-stewart/wheelers/ , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318003806/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ian-stewart/wheelers/ , archive-date = March 18, 2017 , url-status = live {{cite web, last1=Louie, first1=Gary, title=The Classification System, url=http://www.sectorgeneral.com/articlesclassification.html, website=SectorGeneral.com, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103210551/http://www.sectorgeneral.com/articlesclassification.html, archive-date=January 3, 2017, url-status = live {{cite book , last = Martin , first = George R.R. , author-link = George R.R. Martin , title = Tuf Voyaging , publisher = Baen Books , date = 1986 , url = https://archive.org/details/tufvoyaging0000mart_w2r3 , isbn = 978-0-671-55985-4 , via = Le Cercle Fantastique , url-access = registration {{Cite journal , last = Pruett , first = Chris , title = The Anthropology of Fear: Learning About Japan Through Horror Games , journal = Interface on the Internet , volume = 10 , issue = 9 , date = November 2010 , url = http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/viewFile/90/87 , format=PDF , accessdate = April 16, 2011 {{Cite book , last = Pullman , first = Philip , author-link = Philip Pullman , title = The Amber Spyglass , publisher = Alfred A. Knopf , series =
His Dark Materials ''His Dark Materials'' is a trilogy of fantasy novels by Philip Pullman consisting of '' Northern Lights'' (1995; published as ''The Golden Compass'' in North America), ''The Subtle Knife'' (1997), and ''The Amber Spyglass'' (2000). It follows ...
, volume = 3 , year = 2000 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w4b9NkLPT5IC&q=%22The%20Amber%20Spyglass%22&pg=PP1 , via = Google Books , isbn = 978-0-375-84673-1
{{cite journal , last = Scholtz , first = Gerhard , title = Scarab beetles at the interface of wheel invention in nature and culture? , journal = Contributions to Zoology , volume = 77 , issue = 3 , year = 2008 , pages = 139–148 , doi = 10.1163/18759866-07703001 , url = http://www.ctoz.nl/vol77/nr03/a01 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021001258/http://www.ctoz.nl/vol77/nr03/a01 , archive-date = October 21, 2016 , url-status = live , issn = 1875-9866 , doi-access = free {{Cite video game , title = Sonic the Hedgehog , developer = Sonic Team , publisher =
Sega is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational video game and entertainment company headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo. Its international branches, Sega of America and Sega Europe, are headquartered in Irvine, California and London, r ...
, date = June 23, 1991
{{Cite book , last = Simak , first = Clifford D. , author-link = Clifford D. Simak , title = The Goblin Reservation , publisher = G. P. Putnam's Sons , year = 1968 , location = New York , pages = 5, 42 , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gR48PgAACAAJ , isbn = 978-0-88184-897-7 {{Cite book , last = Slonczewski , first = Joan , author-link = Joan Slonczewski , title = Microbe , newspaper = The Children Star , publisher = Tor Science Fiction , year = 1998 , url = https://archive.org/details/childrenstar00slon , isbn = 978-0-312-86716-4 {{cite web, last1=Switzer, first1=David M., title=Microbe, url=https://www.davidmswitzer.com/slonczewski/microbe.html, archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161228163648/http://www.davidmswitzer.com/slonczewski/microbe.html , archive-date = December 28, 2016 , url-status = live , website=The Science Fiction of Joan Slonczewski, date=March 11, 2014 {{Cite book , last1 = Stewart , first1 = Ian , author1-link = Ian Stewart (mathematician) , last2 = Cohen , first2 = Jack , author2-link = Jack Cohen (scientist) , title = Wheelers , publisher = Warner Books , year = 2000 , url = https://archive.org/details/wheelers00stew , url-access = registration , via = Internet Archive , isbn = 978-0-446-52560-2 {{cite web , url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/01/27/sonic-the-hedgehog-vc-review , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113063324/http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/01/27/sonic-the-hedgehog-vc-review , archive-date = January 13, 2016 , url-status = live , title=Sonic the Hedgehog VC Review , date=January 26, 2007 , last=Thomas , first=Lucas M. , work=IGN , publisher=IGN Entertainment {{cite web, title=Chorlton and the Wheelies (1976 – 1979), website=Toonhound.com, url=http://www.toonhound.com/chorlton.htm, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805060143/http://www.toonhound.com/chorlton.htm, archive-date=August 5, 2016, url-status=live {{cite news , last1=Woerner , first1=Meredith , title=Fizzgig puppet from Jim Henson's 'The Dark Crystal' up for auction , url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-own-dark-crystal-fizzgig-20150826-story.html , accessdate=21 October 2019 , work=
Los Angeles Times The ''Los Angeles Times'' (abbreviated as ''LA Times'') is a daily newspaper that started publishing in Los Angeles in 1881. Based in the LA-adjacent suburb of El Segundo since 2018, it is the sixth-largest newspaper by circulation in the Un ...
, date=August 26, 2015
Fantasy tropes Hypothetical life forms Legendary creatures Speculative evolution