Robert Freed Bales (March 9, 1916 – June 16, 2004) was an American

social psychologist Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people or by social norms. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the re ...

. He specialized in small group interpersonal interaction and developed the SYMLOG (SYstematic MultiLevel Observation of Groups) method of group observation.

Biography

Bales was born in Ellington, Missouri on March 9, 1916. He received a B.A. and M.S. in sociology from the

University of Oregon The University of Oregon (UO, U of O or Oregon) is a public research university in Eugene, Oregon. Founded in 1876, the institution is well known for its strong ties to the sports apparel and marketing firm Nike, Inc, and its co-founder, billio ...

. In 1945 he received a Ph.D. in sociology from

Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of highe ...

. Bales then became a professor at Harvard, working in the university's Laboratory of Human Relations. In 1950, Bales published a book titled Interaction Process Analysis: A Method for the Study of Small Groups in which he described in great detail his musings of human interaction within small groups. Bales died in

San Diego, California San Diego ( , ; ) is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast of Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a 2020 population of 1,386,932, it is the List of United States cities by population, eigh ...

on June 16, 2004 at the age of 88.

Interaction Process Analysis

The goal of this method was to capture direct face-to-face interaction as they takes place, then to analyze the interactions into useful information. In order to capture an interaction, Bales’ method utilized observers. The observer's job is to interpret and categorize the observed behavior. This is not without error as the observer must infer intent and meaning of the observable action. The observer is supposed to be well trained on the variables they are categorizing and they should be able to do it effortlessly; however, human raters bring with them their own preconceived schemas and heuristics. Human raters are subject to subconscious biases and fallacies. To circumvent this pitfall, Bales’ method makes use of multiple observers and an

inter-rater reliability In statistics, inter-rater reliability (also called by various similar names, such as inter-rater agreement, inter-rater concordance, inter-observer reliability, inter-coder reliability, and so on) is the degree of agreement among independent obse ...

is then derived from both raters’ produced data. Bales’ method was formed under two assumptions. The first assumption is that the observer must assume that all small groups are similar in that any given group contains a variety of people, or follows a

normal distribution In statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable. The general form of its probability density function is : f(x) = \frac e^ The parameter \mu i ...

of variance. These group members share task problems that materialize in relation to their situational context, but also socio-emotional problems that materialize in the interaction with other members of their group. The second assumption is that each individual's behavior can affect those problems. Observers must categorize each individual's behavior continuously, capturing behavior as a sequence of events through time. The unit of measure is the smallest discriminable segment of verbal or nonverbal behavior the observer can differentiate and classify. He referred to the content of these categories to be “process content” as opposed to the topical content. Bales claimed process content, which later became known as group process, was at the core of small groups; what remained when situational variance was stripped away.

SYMLOG

The use of SYMLOG and the certification of SYMLOG consultants is now maintained by the SYMLOG Consulting Group, whose formation Bales supported. In 2016 the group honoured the centenary of Bales' birth by publishing excerpts from a video interview which he gave in 1996.Video Exceprts from "An Interview with Robert Freed Bales - 1996"
accessed 27 September 2018

Awards

*Distinguished Career Award of the American Association of Specialists in Group Work (1982) *Cooley-Mead Award of the

American Sociological Association The American Sociological Association (ASA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the discipline and profession of sociology. Founded in December 1905 as the American Sociological Society at Johns Hopkins University by a group of ...

(1983) *Distinguished Teaching Award of the

American Psychological Foundation The American Psychological Foundation (abbreviated APF) is an American philanthropic organization dedicating to awarding research grants to psychologists in the early stages of their careers. It is affiliated with the American Psychological Associ ...

(1984)

Bibliography

*Bales, R. F., (1950)
''Interaction Process Analysis; A Method for the Study of Small Groups''
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Press *Bales, R. F., (1950)
"A Set of Categories for the Analysis of Small Group Interaction"
in ''American Sociological Review'', Vol. 15, No. 2 (Apr., 1950), pp. 257-263 * Hare, Alexander Paul, Edgar F. Borgatta, and Robert Freed Bales. Small groups. Knopf, 1965. * Bales, Robert Freed. "Personality and interpersonal behavior." (1970). * Bales, Robert Freed, Stephen P. Cohen, and Stephen A. Williamson. SYMLOG: A system for the multiple level observation of groups. Vol. 67. New York: Free Press, 1979 * Parsons, Talcott, Robert Freed Bales, and Edward A. Shils. Working papers in the theory of action. Greenwood Press, 1981. * Bales, Robert Freed. "Social Interaction Systems: Theory and Measurement: Book review." (2000): 199.

References

1916 births 2004 deaths American social psychologists University of Oregon alumni Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni Harvard University faculty People from Reynolds County, Missouri {{US-psychologist-stub