Riad Reda Al Solh ( ar, رياض الصلح; 17 August 1894 – 17 July 1951) was the first
prime minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister i ...
of
Lebanon
Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to Lebanon–Syria border, the north and east and Israel to Blue ...
after the country's
independence
Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the statu ...
.
[Pdf.]
Solh was one of the most important figures in Lebanon's struggle for independence, who was able to unite the various religious groups. He is considered one of the founders of Lebanon.
Early life
Riad Al Solh, also written Riad el Solh or Riad Solh, was born in
Sidon
Sidon ( ; he, צִידוֹן, ''Ṣīḏōn'') known locally as Sayda or Saida ( ar, صيدا ''Ṣaydā''), is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located in the South Governorate, of which it is the capital, on the Mediterranean coast. ...
, south Lebanon, on 17 August 1894.
His father,
Reda Al Solh, was Vice-governor in
Nabatiyyah and in
Sidon
Sidon ( ; he, צִידוֹן, ''Ṣīḏōn'') known locally as Sayda or Saida ( ar, صيدا ''Ṣaydā''), is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located in the South Governorate, of which it is the capital, on the Mediterranean coast. ...
and a leading nationalist Arab leader.
In 1915 Reda Al Solh was tried by Ottoman forces and went into exile in
Smyrna
Smyrna ( ; grc, Σμύρνη, Smýrnē, or , ) was a Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to promi ...
,
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
.
He also served as Minister of the Interior in
Emir Faisal's government in
Damascus.
Riad Al Solh studied law and political science at the
University of Paris
, image_name = Coat of arms of the University of Paris.svg
, image_size = 150px
, caption = Coat of Arms
, latin_name = Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis
, motto = ''Hic et ubique terrarum'' (Latin)
, mottoeng = Here and a ...
.
He spent most of his youth in
Istanbul
)
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code = 34000 to 34990
, area_code = +90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side)
, registration_plate = 34
, blank_name_sec2 = GeoTLD
, blank_i ...
, as his father was a deputy in the
Ottoman Parliament
The General Assembly ( tr, Meclis-i Umumî (French romanization: "Medjliss Oumoumi" ) or ''Genel Parlamento''; french: Assemblée Générale) was the first attempt at representative democracy by the imperial government of the Ottoman Empire. Als ...
.
Career
Solh served as prime minister of Lebanon twice. His first term was just after the Lebanon's independence (25 September 1943 – 10 January 1945).
Solh was chosen by president
Bishara Al Khouri to be his first Prime Minister.
Solh and Khouri achieved and implemented
the National Pact (''al Mithaq al Watani'') in November 1943 that provided an official framework to accommodate the confessional differences in Lebanon.
The National Pact was an unwritten gentleman's agreement.
The Pact stated that president, prime minister and Speaker of the Parliament in Lebanon should be allocated to three major confessional groups based on the 1932 census, namely
the Maronite Christians,
the Sunni Muslims and
the Shiite Muslims, respectively.
During his first term, Solh also served as the
Minister of Finance
A finance minister is an executive or cabinet position in charge of one or more of government finances, economic policy and financial regulation.
A finance minister's portfolio has a large variety of names around the world, such as "treasury", " ...
from September 1943 to July 1944, and the minister of supplies and reserves from 3 July 1944 to 9 January 1945.
Solh held premiership again from 14 December 1946 to 14 February 1951
[Kamil Dib, "Warlords and Merchants, The Lebanese Business and Political Establishment", p. 89] again under the presidency of Bishara Al Khouri.
Solh was critical of
King Abdullah and played a significant role in granting the blessing of
the Arab League
The Arab League ( ar, الجامعة العربية, ' ), formally the League of Arab States ( ar, جامعة الدول العربية, '), is a regional organization in the Arab world, which is located in Northern Africa, Western Africa, E ...
's political committee to
the All-Palestine Government during his second term.
Assassination
Solh escaped unhurt from an assassination attempt in March 1950.
It was perpetrated by a member of the
Syrian Social Nationalist Party
The Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) or is a Syrian nationalist party operating in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine. It advocates the establishment of a Greater Syrian nation state spanning the Fertile Crescent, including present ...
.
However, several months after leaving office, he was gunned down on 17 July 1951 at
Marka Airport
Amman Civil Airport ( ar, مطار عمان المدني, Maṭār ʿAmmān al-Madaniyy), commonly known as ''Marka International Airport'', is an unscheduled airport located in Marka district, Greater Amman Municipality, Jordan, some north-ea ...
in
Amman by members of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.
The attack was perpetrated by three gunmen, who killed him in revenge for the execution of
Anton Saadeh, one of the party's founding leaders.
Personal life
He secretly converted to Shia Islam since, compared to Sunni Islam, its inheritance laws meant that his daughters, his only children, could inherit a greater share of his wealth.
Al Solh was married to Fayza Al Jabiri, the sister of two-time
prime minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister i ...
of
Syria,
Saadallah al-Jabiri. They had five daughters and a son, Reda, who died in infancy.
His eldest daughter, Aliya (1935–2007), continued in her father's path in the struggle for a free and secure Lebanon. Aliya propagated the rich cultural heritage of Lebanon abroad until her death in
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...
.
Lamia Al Solh (born 1937) was married to the late
Prince Moulay Abdallah of Morocco
Prince Moulay Abdallah of Morocco, KCVO, (30 July 1935 – 20 December 1983) was the brother of Moulay Hassan, later King Hassan II of Morocco and the son of King Mohammed V of Morocco (1909–1961) and his second wife, Lalla Abla bint Tahar (19 ...
,
King Mohammed VI
Mohammed VI ( ar, محمد السادس; born 21 August 1963) is the King of Morocco. He belongs to the 'Alawi dynasty and acceded to the throne on 23 July 1999, upon the death of his father, King Hassan II.
Upon ascending to the throne, Moh ...
's uncle.
Her children are
Moulay Hicham,
Moulay Ismail
Moulay Ismail Ibn Sharif ( ar, مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف), born around 1645 in Sijilmassa and died on 22 March 1727 at Meknes, was a Sultan of Morocco from 1672–1727, as the second ruler of the Alaouite dynasty. He was the se ...
and a daughter Lalla Zineb.
Mona Al Solh was formerly married to the
Saudi Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz.
She is the mother of the
Prince Al Waleed bin Talal,
Prince Khalid bin Talal and Princess Reema bint Talal.
Bahija Al Solh Assad is married to Said Al Assad who is the former Lebanese ambassador to
Switzerland and a former member of parliament. They have two sons and two daughters.
His youngest daughter,
Leila Al Solh Hamade, was appointed as one of the first two female ministers in
Omar Karami's government.
Legacy
Patrick Seale's book ''The Struggle for Arab Independence'' (2011) deals with the history of the
Middle East
The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (Europ ...
from the final years of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
up to the 1950s and focuses on the influential career and personality of Solh.
A square in downtown Beirut, Riad al-Solh Square,
[Young, M., ''The Ghosts of Martyrs Square: An Eyewitness Account of Lebanon's Life Struggle'' ( New York: ]Simon & Schuster
Simon & Schuster () is an American publishing company and a subsidiary of Paramount Global. It was founded in New York City on January 2, 1924 by Richard L. Simon and M. Lincoln Schuster. As of 2016, Simon & Schuster was the third largest pu ...
, 2010)
p. 129
is named after him.
See also
*
List of assassinated Lebanese politicians
This is a list of many, but not all, of the assassinated Lebanese political figures:
*Amine Abouchahine - senior member of the Progressive Socialist Party. Assassinated on 15 July 1975 by a member of the Kataeb Regulatory Forces.
*Sheikh Ahmad A ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Solh, Riad
1894 births
1951 deaths
Riad
Prime Ministers of Lebanon
Finance ministers of Lebanon
People from Sidon
Assassinated Lebanese politicians
People murdered in Jordan
Lebanese people murdered abroad
Lebanese people from the Ottoman Empire
1950s murders in Jordan
1951 crimes in Jordan
1951 murders in Asia
Converts to Shia Islam from Sunni Islam
University of Paris alumni
Lebanese independence activists
Assassinated heads of government