Revelation 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the

Book of Revelation The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament (and consequently the final book of the Christian Bible). Its title is derived from the first word of the Koine Greek text: , meaning "unveiling" or "revelation". The Book of ...

or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is traditionally attributed to

John the Apostle John the Apostle ( grc, Ἰωάννης; la, Ioannes ; Ge'ez: ዮሐንስ;) or Saint John the Beloved was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Generally listed as the youngest apostle, he was the son of Zebedee ...

, but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate. This chapter describes the fall of Babylon the Great.

Text

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 24 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are among others: *

Codex Sinaiticus The Codex Sinaiticus (Shelfmark: London, British Library, Add MS 43725), designated by siglum [Aleph] or 01 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 2 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts) ...

(330-360) *

Codex Alexandrinus The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, Royal MS 1. D. V-VIII), designated by the siglum A or 02 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 4 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a manu ...

(400-440) *

Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (Paris, National Library of France, Greek 9) designated by the siglum C or 04 {in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 3 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a man ...

(ca. 450; extant verses 3-24)

The fall of Babylon: the voice of an angel (18:1–3)

The cry of the angel about judgement against Babylon is an expansion of the one in Revelation 14:8.

Verse 1

:''After these things I saw another angel coming down from heaven, having great authority, and the earth was illuminated with his glory.'' "Another angel": one of several angels distinguished from each other within the Book of Revelation (cf. Revelation 10:1; 19:6, 15, 17; Revelation 15:1, etc.).Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors)
On "Revelation 18".
In: ''The Pulpit Commentary''. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019. , "the Earth shone with the glory of the God of Israel" is here translated rather more literally than in the Septuagint.

Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges is a biblical commentary set published in parts by Cambridge University Press from 1882 onwards. Anglican bishop John Perowne was the general editor. The first section published was written by theologia ...

Revelation 18
Accessed 28 April 2019.

Verse 2

: ''And he cried mightily with a strong voice saying Babylon the great is fallen is fallen and is become the habitation of devils and the hold of every foul spirit and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird'' Cross reference: Isaiah 21:9, Revelation 14:8 *"Devils": is translated from grc, δαιμονίων, ', "demons", compare to , Luke 11:24, also Isaiah 13:20-22; Isaiah 34:13-15. Vincent, Marvin R. (1886
''Vincent's New Testament Word Studies'', "Revelation 18"
Hendrickson Publishers. Internet Sacred Texts Archive. Biblehub. *"Hold" and "

cage A cage is an enclosure often made of mesh, bars, or wires, used to confine, contain or protect something or someone. A cage can serve many purposes, including keeping an animal or person in captivity, capturing an animal or person, and displayin ...

": are translated from the same Greek word , ',Greek Text Analysis: Revelation 18:2
Biblehub "a strong place", which is more like " prison" (not a "fortress") as also rendered in .

The fall of Babylon: the voice from heaven (18:4–20)

The part records the words spoken by the voice from heaven referred in verse 4. New Testament scholar

James Tabor James Daniel Tabor (born 1946 in Texas) is a Biblical scholar and Professor of Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, where he has taught since 1989 and ser ...

believes that this passage is a reference to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that destroyed Pompeii, and possibly even based on eyewitness accounts of the event. Similar to Pompeii, a city is destroyed by fire in one hour, with ships in port only able to watch in horror. In context, it threatens a similar event to Babylon (potentially really referring to Rome) that happened to Pompeii.Does Revelation Contain an Eyewitness Account of the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius?
/ref>

Verse 8

:''Therefore her plagues will come in one day—death and mourning and famine. And she will be utterly burned with fire, for strong is the Lord God who judges her.'' *"In one day": denoting "a sudden and overwhelming reverse", such as "at the last judgment day" (cf. ).

Verses 11-16

''11 And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her; for no man buyeth their merchandise any more:'' ''12 The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble,'' ''13 And cinnamon, and odours, and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men.'' ''14 And the fruits that thy soul lusted after are departed from thee, and all things which were dainty and goodly are departed from thee, and thou shalt find them no more at all.'' ''15 The merchants of these things, which were made rich by her, shall stand afar off for the fear of her torment, weeping and wailing,'' ''16 And saying, Alas, alas that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls!'' * This "lament of the merchants" is possibly based on a lament for the merchants of Tyre in .

Verse 17

''For in one hour so great riches is come to nought. And every shipmaster, and all the company in ships, and sailors, and as many as trade by sea, stood afar off,''

Verse 18

''And cried when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying, What city is like unto this great city!''

Verse 19

: ''They threw dust on their heads and cried out, weeping and wailing, and saying, ‘Alas, alas, that great city, in which all who had ships on the sea became rich by her wealth! For in one hour she is made desolate.’'' NKJV *"They threw dust on their heads": like "the seafaring men on account of Tyre" () the people make a gesture normally used in mourning or 'in afflicted and distressed circumstances, denoting disorder, confusion, and debasement' (cf. ; ). *"Alas, alas! that great city": compared to , ), mourning a city once so great now in flames.''John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible'' - Revelation 18:19
/ref>

Verse 20

''Rejoice over her, thou heaven, and ye holy apostles and prophets; for God hath avenged you on her.''

The fall of Babylon: the voice of another angel (18:21–24)

The symbolic prophecy of the fall of Babylon is here modeled as in the Book of Jeremiah ().

Notes

References

Sources

External links

* King James Bible - Wikisource
English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate

''Online Bible'' at GospelHall.org
(ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
Multiple bible versions at ''Bible Gateway''
(NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.) {{Book of Revelation 18 Whore of Babylon