Leadership
"Ronald Reagan was convivial, upbeat, courteous, respectful, self-confident, and humble. But he was also opaque, remote, distant, and inscrutable," says historianForeign policy
Cold War
Reagan served as President during the last part of the Cold War, an era of escalating ideological disagreements and preparations for war between the United States and the Soviet Union. Reagan in 1982 denounced the enemy as an " evil empire" that would be consigned to the "ash heap of history" and he later predicted that communism would collapse. He reversed the policy ofPolicy toward USSR
Reagan forcefully confronted the Soviet Union, marking a sharp departure from theDefense spending
The Reagan administration made dramatic increases in defense spending one of their three main priorities on taking office. The transition to the new professional all-professional force was finalized, and the draft forgotten. A dramatic expansion of salary bases and benefits for both enlisted and officers made career service much more attractive. Under the aggressive leadership of Defense SecretaryNuclear weapons
According to several scholars and Reagan biographers, including,Iran-Iraq
Originally neutral in theEconomic policy
Economic plans, taxes and deficit
Reagan believed in policies based on supply-side economics and advocated a ''Free Trade
Reagan was a supporter ofHealthcare
Reagan was opposed to socialized healthcare,One of the traditional methods of imposing statism or socialism on a people has been by way of medicine. It is very easy to describe a medical program as a humanitarian project ... Under the Truman administration, it was proposed that we have a compulsory health insurance program for all people in the United States, and of course, the American people unhesitatingly rejected this ... In the last decade, 127 million of our citizens, in just ten years, have come under the protection of some owned medical or hospital insurance. The advocates of ocialized healthcare when you try to oppose it, challenge you on an emotional basis ... What can we do about this? Well you and I can do a great deal. We can write to ourbenefits voluntary. According to Reagan biographer
_Social_Security
Reagan_was_in_favor_of_making_Social_Security_(United_States).html" "title="Congressmen, to our Senators. We can say right now that we want no further encroachment on these individual liberties and freedoms. And at the moment, the key issue is we do not want socialized medicine ... If you don't, this program I promise you will pass just as surely as the sun will come up tomorrow. And behind it will come other federal programs that will invade every area of freedom as well have known it in this country, until one day, as Norman Thomas said, we will awake to find that we have socialism. If you don't do this and if I don't do it, one of these days you and I are going to spend our sunset years telling our children, and our children's children, what it once was like in America when men were free.
Social Security
Reagan was in favor of making Social Security (United States)">Social Security Welfare, or commonly social welfare, is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. Social security may either be synonymous with welfare, or refer specifical ...Lou Cannon Louis Cannon (born 1933) is an American journalist, non-fiction author, and biographer. He was state bureau chief for the '' San Jose Mercury News'' in the late 1960s, and later senior White House correspondent of ''The Washington Post'' during the ...: "I have no doubt that he shared the view that Social Security was a Ponzi scheme. He was intrigued with the idea of a voluntary plan that would have allowed workers to make their own investments. This idea would have undermined the system by depriving Social Security of the contributions of millions of the nation's highest-paid workers". Although Reagan was for a limited government and against the idea of a welfare state, Reagan continued to fully fund Social Security and Medicare (United States), Medicare because the elderly were dependent on those programs. Mounting concerns that rising Social Security benefits were causing a long-term deficit and were growing too fast resulted in a bipartisan compromise in 1983. Brokered by conservativeAlan Greenspan Alan Greenspan (born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as the 13th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1987 to 2006. He works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. ...and liberal CongressmanClaude Pepper Claude Denson Pepper (September 8, 1900 – May 30, 1989) was an American politician of the Democratic Party, and a spokesman for left-liberalism and the elderly. He represented Florida in the United States Senate from 1936 to 1951, and the Mi ..., the agreement lowered benefits over the next 75 years and brought the system into balance. Key provisions included a gradual increase over 25 years in the retirement age from 65 to 67, to take account of longer life expectancy. (People could retire younger, but at a reduced rate of benefits.) Millions of people were added to the system, especially employees of state governments and of nonprofit organizations.
New Deal
Reagan wrote that he was never trying to undo the New Deal as he admired PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...and voted for him all four times.
Social policy
Environment
Reagan dismissed acid rain and proposals to halt it as burdensome to industry. In the early 1980s, pollution had become an issue in Canada, and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau objected to the pollution originating in U.S. factory smokestacks in the midwest. The Environmental Protection Agency implored Reagan to make a major budget commitment to reduce acid rain, but Reagan rejected the proposal and deemed it as wasteful government spending. He questioned scientific evidence on the causes of acid rain.
Abortion
Reagan was opposed to abortion, except in cases of rape, incest, and threats to the life of the mother. He was quoted as saying: "If there is a question as to whether there is life or death, the doubt should be resolved in favor of life". In 1982, he stated: "Simple morality dictates that unless and until someone can prove the unborn human is not alive, we must give it the benefit of the doubt and assume it is (alive). And, thus, it should be entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness". As Governor of California, Reagan signed into law the Therapeutic Abortion Act in May 1967 in an effort to reduce the number of "back room abortions" performed in California.Cannon, Lou (2001), p. 50 It was one of the most liberal abortion laws in the country and allowed for pregnancy terminations if the mother was in physical or mental distress as a result, or if the pregnancy was a product of rape or incest. As a result, approximately one million abortions would be performed and Reagan blamed this on doctors, arguing that they had deliberately misinterpreted the law. Just when the law was signed, Reagan stated that had he been more experienced as Governor, he would not have signed it. Reagan then declared himself to be opposed to abortion rights. During his presidency Reagan never introduced legislation to Congress regarding abortion. However, in a way, he played a role in protecting legalized abortion after he left office. His first judicial appointee for the Supreme Court,Sandra Day O’Connor Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is an American retired attorney and politician who served as the first female associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. She was both the first woman nominated and the ..., led the effort to uphold ''Roe v. Wade ''Roe v. Wade'', 410 U.S. 113 (1973),. was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States conferred the right to have an abortion. The decision struck down many federal and s ...'' in a 1992 case over restrictive abortion laws in Pennsylvania.
Crime and capital punishment
Reagan was a supporter ofcapital punishment Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the state-sanctioned practice of deliberately killing a person as a punishment for an actual or supposed crime, usually following an authorized, rule-governed process to conclude that t .... As California's Governor, Reagan was beseeched to grant executive clemency to Aaron Mitchell, who had been sentenced to death for the murder of aSacramento ) , image_map = Sacramento County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Sacramento Highlighted.svg , mapsize = 250x200px , map_caption = Location within Sacramento ...police officer, but he refused. Mitchell was executed the following morning. It was the only execution during his eight years as Governor—he had previously granted executive clemency to one man on death row who had a history of brain damage. He also stayed the execution of convicted murdererRobert Lee Massie Robert Lee Massie (December 24, 1941 – March 27, 2001) was an American convicted murderer who was executed by the state of California for the 1979 murder of a liquor store owner in San Francisco. Massie's case was notable because he had previou ...in 1967 because he wanted Massie to attend the trial of his alleged accomplice. Massie would be executed over three decades later for a separate murder in 2001. He approved the construction of three new prisons as President in 1982 as recommended by Attorney GeneralWilliam French Smith William French Smith II (August 26, 1917 – October 29, 1990) was an American lawyer and the 74th United States Attorney General. After attaining his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1942, Smith went on to join the law firm of Gibson, Du ....
Drugs
Reagan firmly sought opposition to illegal drugs. He and his wife sought to reduce the use of illegal drugs through theJust Say No "Just Say No" was an advertising campaign prevalent during the 1980s and early 1990s as a part of the U.S.-led war on drugs, aiming to discourage children from engaging in illegal recreational drug use by offering various ways of saying ''no'' ...Drug Awareness campaign, an organization Nancy Reagan founded as first lady. In a 1986 address to the nation by Ronald and Nancy Reagan, the President said: " ile drug and alcohol abuse cuts across all generations, it's especially damaging to the young people on whom our future depends ... Drugs are menacing our society. They're threatening our values and undercutting our institutions. They're killing our children." Reagan also reacted to illegal drugs outside Just Say No as the Federal Bureau Investigation added five hundred drug enforcement agents, began record drug crackdowns nationwide, and established thirteen regional anti-drug task forces under Reagan. In the address with the first lady, President Reagan reported on the progress of his administration, saying:Thirty-seven Federal agencies are working together in a vigorous national effort, and by next year our spending for drug law enforcement will have more than tripled from its 1981 levels. We have increased seizures of illegal drugs. Shortages of marijuana are now being reported. Last year alone over 10,000 drug criminals were convicted and nearly $250 million of their assets were seized by the DEA, the Drug Enforcement Administration. And in the most important area, individual use, we see progress. In 4 years the number of high school seniors using marijuana daily has dropped from 1 in 14 to 1 in 20. The U.S. military has cut the use of illegal drugs among its personnel by 67 percent since 1980. These are a measure of our commitment and emerging signs that we can defeat this enemy.
Civil rights
Women
While running for President, Reagan pledged that if given the chance, he would appoint a woman to theU.S. Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point o .... In 1981, he appointed Sandra Day O'Connor as the first female justice of the Supreme Court. As President, Reagan opposed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) because he thought that women were already protected by the 14th Amendment, although he had supported the amendment and offered to help women's groups achieve its ratification while serving as Governor of California. Reagan pulled his support for the ERA shortly before announcing his 1976 candidacy for President. The1976 Republican National Convention The 1976 Republican National Convention was a United States political convention of the Republican Party that met from August 16 to August 19, 1976, to select the party's nominee for President. Held in Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, the ...renewed the party's support for the amendment, but in 1980 the party qualified its 40-year support for ERA. Despite opposing the ERA, Reagan did not actively work against the amendment, which his daughterMaureen Maureen is a female given name. In Gaelic, it is Máirín, a pet form of ''Máire'' (the Irish cognate of Mary), which is derived from the Hebrew Miriam. The name has sometimes been regarded as corresponding to the male given name Maurice. Some ...(who advised her father on various issues including women's rights) and most prominent Republicans supported. Reagan established a "Fifty States Project" and councils and commissions on women designed to find existing statutes at the federal and state levels and eradicate them, the latter through a liaison with the various state governors.Elizabeth Dole Mary Elizabeth Alexander Hanford Dole (née Hanford; born July 29, 1936)Mary Ella Cathey Hanford, "Asbury and Hanford Families: Newly Discovered Genealogical Information" ''The Historical Trail'' 33 (1996), pp. 44–45, 49. is an American attorn ..., a Republican feminist and former Federal Trade Commissioner and advisor to PresidentsLyndon B. Johnson Lyndon Baines Johnson (; August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He had previously served as the 37th vice ...,Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was ...and Gerald Ford (who would go on to become Reagan's Transportation Secretary) headed up his women's rights project.
Black people
Reagan did not consider himself a racist and dismissed any attacks aimed at him relating to racism as attacks on his personal character and integrity. BiographerLou Cannon Louis Cannon (born 1933) is an American journalist, non-fiction author, and biographer. He was state bureau chief for the '' San Jose Mercury News'' in the late 1960s, and later senior White House correspondent of ''The Washington Post'' during the ...also believes that Reagan wasn't racist, or racially prejudiced. According to him, Reagan had been taught by his parents that racial intolerance was abhorrent and people who knew him were sure that Reagan absorbed his parents' lesson.Cannon, Lou (2001), p. 457 Reagan volunteered to take Eureka College's two black football players into his home after they were refused admission at a hotel on one of the team's trips. One of them was William Franklin Burghardt, who Reagan befriended and corresponded regularly until Burghardt's death in 1981. Recalling the incident, Burghardt had stated that "I just don't think heeagan Eagan may refer to: People * Daisy Eagan (born 1979), American actress * Dennis Eagan (1926–2012), British field hockey player * Eddie Eagan (1897–1967), American sportsman * James Eagan (1926-2000), American politician from Missouri * John J. ...was conscious of race at all". Reagan was opposed toracial segregation Racial segregation is the systematic separation of people into race (human classification), racial or other Ethnicity, ethnic groups in daily life. Racial segregation can amount to the international crime of apartheid and a crimes against hum .... Reagan did not support many civil rights bills throughout the years on afederal level Federal or foederal (archaic) may refer to: Politics General *Federal monarchy, a federation of monarchies *Federation, or ''Federal state'' (federal system), a type of government characterized by both a central (federal) government and states or .... He opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on the grounds that specific provisions of the law infringed upon the individual's right to private property and to do business with whomever they chose, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on constitutional grounds, but some have speculated that his position involved "an element of political calculation". In 1965 however, Reagan stated that he favors the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and that "it must be enforced at gunpoint, if necessary". In 1980, Reagan said the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was "humiliating to the South", but in 1982 he signed a bill extending it for 25 years after a grass-roots lobbying and legislative campaign forced him to abandon his plan to ease that law's restrictions. In 1988, he vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act, but his veto was overridden by Congress. This was especially notable as it was the first Civil Rights bill to be both vetoed and to be overridden since President Andrew Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 followed by Congress overriding the veto and making it law. Reagan had argued that the legislation infringed onstates' rights In American political discourse, states' rights are political powers held for the state governments rather than the federal government according to the United States Constitution, reflecting especially the enumerated powers of Congress and the ...and the rights of churches and small business owners. Reagan'sEqual Employment Opportunity Commission The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a federal agency that was established via the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to administer and enforce civil rights laws against workplace discrimination. The EEOC investigates discrimination ..., as well as his Justice Department, prosecuted fewer civil rights cases per year than they had under his predecessor. In 1967, Reagan signed theMulford Act The Mulford Act was a 1967 California bill that prohibited public carrying of loaded firearms without a permit. Named after Republican assemblyman Don Mulford, and signed into law by governor of California Ronald Reagan, the bill was crafted ...into law which banned the carrying of loaded weapons in public in the state ofCalifornia California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m .... While California was an open carry state, when the Black Panther Party began lawfully open carrying and monitoring law enforcement for police brutality, bipartisan calls for increased gun control came from the California State Legislature. The law was controversial, as it was clearly retaliatory against the Black Panthers, but Reagan defended the law, saying that he saw "no reason why on the street today a citizen should be carrying loaded weapons". Critics have claimed that Reagan gave his 1980 presidential campaign speech about states' rights inPhiladelphia, Mississippi Philadelphia is a city in and the county seat of Neshoba County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 7,118 at the 2020 census. History Philadelphia is incorporated as a municipality; it was given its current name in 1903, two years ...in a calculated attempt to appeal to racist southern voters. This location is near the place where three civil rights workers were killed in 1964. However, others have pointed out that Reagan had given it at theNeshoba County Fair The Neshoba County Fair, also known as Mississippi's Giant House Party, is an annual event of agricultural, political, and social entertainment held a few miles from Philadelphia, Mississippi. The fair was first established in 1889 and is the nat ...some distance away from where the murders took place. They also said that the vast majority of his speech had nothing to do with "states' rights" and that the fair was a popular campaigning spot. Presidential candidates John Glenn andMichael Dukakis Michael Stanley Dukakis (; born November 3, 1933) is an American retired lawyer and politician who served as governor of Massachusetts from 1975 to 1979 and again from 1983 to 1991. He is the longest-serving governor in Massachusetts history a ...both campaigned there as well years later.The Volokh Conspiracy, David Kopel, Reagan's Infamous Speech in Philadelphia, Mississippi, August 16, 2011 While campaigning in Georgia, Reagan mentioned Confederate President Jefferson Davis as an example of someone who used the line-item veto, which Reagan supported. However, Reagan was offended that some accused him of racism. Reagan initially opposed Fair Housing legislation in California (specifically the Rumford Fair Housing Act), however in 1988 he signed a law expanding the Fair Housing Act of 1968. While signing the expanding of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, he said, among other things, that " he bill was astep closer to realizing Martin Luther King's dream", " he bill was themost important civil rights legislation in 20 years", and " he passage of the Civil Rights of 1968 billwas a major achievement, one that many members of Congress, including a young Congressman named George Bush, had to show enormous courage to vote for". CongressmanJohn Lewis John Robert Lewis (February 21, 1940 – July 17, 2020) was an American politician and civil rights activist who served in the United States House of Representatives for from 1987 until his death in 2020. He participated in the 1960 Nashville ...stated that Reagan "dramatized in a very open fashion that he is supportive of efforts to end discrimination in housing" and that Reagan's statements were blatantly meant for political gain as it was anelection An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has opera ...year. Reagan had previously stated in 1966 that, "If an individual wants to discriminate against Negroes or others in selling or renting his house, he has a right to do so ..even though such prejudice is morally wrong." Nevertheless, Reagan supported the statute which prohibits racial discrimination on public accommodations and facilities, promised that he would use the "power and prestige" of the governor's office to ensure civil rights for everyone and sought to put an end to "the cancer of racial discrimination". Reagan engaged in a policy of Constructive engagement withSouth Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...in spite ofapartheid Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...due to the nation being a valuable anti-communist ally. He opposed pressure from Congress and his own party for tougher sanctions until his veto was overridden. South African Archbishop and anti-apartheid activist Desmond Tutu called Reagan's policy as "immoral, evil, and totally un-Christian" asNazism Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) i ...and lamented that the president's administration was overall "an unmitigated disaster" for black people. Reagan opposed the Martin Luther King holiday at first, despite noting that King should be honored for freeing the United States from "the burden of racism", however he accepted and signed it after an overwhelming veto-proof majority (338 to 90 in the House of Representatives and 78 to 22 in the Senate) voted in favor of it. In July 2019, newly unearthed tapes were released of a 1971 phone call between Reagan, then Governor of California, and PresidentRichard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was .... Angered by African delegates at theUnited Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...siding against the U.S. in the vote to expelTaiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...from the UN and recognize thePeople's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ..., Reagan stated, "To see those, those monkeys from those African countries - damn them, they're still uncomfortable wearing shoes!" Reagan's son-in-law, Dennis C. Revell, responded that Reagan’s remarks reflected the attitudes of his era, and that some African nations had only recently gained independence from European countries when Reagan spoke with Nixon. Revell also noted that Reagan enjoyed a great relationship with his oldest daughter’s adopted girl fromUganda }), is a landlocked country in East Africa. The country is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The sou ...and also with several African politicians, such asSamora Machel Samora Moisés Machel (29 September 1933 – 19 October 1986) was a Mozambican military commander and political leader. A socialist in the tradition of Marxism–Leninism, he served as the first President of Mozambique from the country's ...andYoweri Museveni Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Tibuhaburwa (born 15 September 1944) is a Ugandan politician and retired senior military officer who has been the 9th and current President of Uganda since 26 January 1986. Museveni spearheaded rebellions with aid of then ....
Education
School prayer
Reagan was a supporter of prayer in U.S. schools. On February 25, 1984 in his weekly radio address, he said: "Sometimes I can't help but feel thefirst amendment First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...is being turned on its head. Because ask yourselves: Can it really be true that the first amendment can permitNazi Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...s and Ku Klux Klansmen to march on public property, advocate the extermination of people of the Jewish faith and the subjugation of blacks, while the same amendment forbids our children from saying a prayer in school?". However, Reagan did not pursue a constitutional amendment requiring school prayer in public schools. Reagan was particularly opposed to the establishment of theDepartment of Education An education ministry is a national or subnational government agency politically responsible for education. Various other names are commonly used to identify such agencies, such as Ministry of Education, Department of Education, and Ministry of Pub ..., which had occurred under his predecessor, PresidentJimmy Carter James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1 .... This view stemmed from his anti-government intervention views. He had pledged to abolish the department, but did not pursue that goal as President.
Energy and oil
As President, Reagan removed controls on oil prices, resulting in lower prices and an oil glut. He did not reduce U.S. dependency on oil by imposing an oil-importing fee because of his opposition to taxation. He trusted the free marketplace. Lower global oil prices had the effect of reducing the income that the Soviet Union could earn from its oil exports.
Footnotes
References and further reading
* * Bell, Coral. ''The Reagan Paradox: U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1980s'' (1989) short overview by Australian schola
excerpt
* * Brands, H.W. ''Reagan: The Life'' (2015), scholarly biography; 810pp * Busch, Andrew E.; "Ronald Reagan and the Defeat of the Soviet Empire" in ''Presidential Studies Quarterly''. 27#3 (1997). pp. 451+ * ; scholarly biography, 953pp * * Hayward, Steven F. ''The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980–1989'' (2009), strongly pro-Reagan * Johns, Andrew L., ed. ''A Companion to Ronald Reagan'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2015). xiv, 682 pp.; topical essays by scholars emphasizing historiography
contents free at many libraries
* Kyvig, David. ed. ''Reagan and the World'' (1990), scholarly essays on foreign policy. * * , autobiography; primary source * * Schmertz, Eric J. et al. eds. ''Ronald Reagan and the World'' (1997) articles by scholars and officeholder
online edition
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Political Positions Of Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald