Ryah Ludins (1896–1957) was a Russian-born American muralist, painter, printmaker, art teacher, and writer. She made

mural A mural is any piece of graphic artwork that is painted or applied directly to a wall, ceiling or other permanent substrate. Mural techniques include fresco, mosaic, graffiti and marouflage. Word mural in art The word ''mural'' is a Spani ...

s for post offices and other government buildings during the

Great Depression The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagio ...

and also obtained commissions for murals from Mexican authorities and an industrial concern. Unusually versatile in her technique, she made murals in

fresco Fresco (plural ''frescos'' or ''frescoes'') is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaste ...

, mixed media, and wood

relief Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces are bonded to a solid background of the same material. The term ''relief'' is from the Latin verb ''relevo'', to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the ...

, as well as on canvas and dry plaster. She exhibited her paintings widely but became better known as a printmaker after prints such as "Cassis" (1928) and "Bombing" (about 1944) drew favorable notice from critics. She taught art in academic settings and privately, wrote and illustrated a children's book, and contributed an article to a radical left-wing art magazine. A career spanning more than three decades ended when she succumbed to a long illness in the late 1950s.

Early life and education

Born in Russia, Ludins came to New York City aged eight in 1904 and spent most of the rest of her life in the city. After graduating from high school she enrolled in Columbia Teachers College in 1920, intending to take up art education as her career. While studying there, she received an honorable-mention award in an exhibition of textile design held at a Manhattan gallery devoted to the

applied arts The applied arts are all the arts that apply design and decoration to everyday and essentially practical objects in order to make them aesthetically pleasing."Applied art" in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Art''. Online edition. Oxford Univers ...

called the Art Alliance of America. A year later, having earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Fine Arts and Fine Arts Education, she began studies at the

Art Students League of New York The Art Students League of New York is an art school at 215 West 57th Street in Manhattan, New York City, New York. The League has historically been known for its broad appeal to both amateurs and professional artists. Although artists may stu ...

where she took

life Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from that which does not, and is defined by the capacity for growth, reaction to stimuli, metabolism, energ ...

classes from

Kenneth Hayes Miller Kenneth Hayes Miller (March 11, 1876 – January 1, 1952) was an American painter, printmaker, and teacher. Career Born in Oneida, New York, he studied at the Art Students League of New York with Kenyon Cox, Henry Siddons Mowbray and with Willia ...

. In 1925 she embarked on travels that took her first to Paris, where she studied with

André Lhote André Lhote (5 July 1885 – 24 January 1962) was a French Cubist painter of figure subjects, portraits, landscapes and still life. He was also active and influential as a teacher and writer on art. Early life and education Lhote was born ...

, and then to

Mexico City Mexico City ( es, link=no, Ciudad de México, ; abbr.: CDMX; Nahuatl: ''Altepetl Mexico'') is the capital and largest city of Mexico, and the most populous city in North America. One of the world's alpha cities, it is located in the Valley o ...

where she took classes at the

National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, ce ...

. During World War II Ludins studied printmaking under William Hayter at his Atelier 17, then located in Manhattan.

Career in art

Ludins' career in art extended for more than three decades from 1922 to a time close to her death in 1957. During those years, she taught art both in academic settings and privately; she painted canvases and made prints that received warm critical reception; and became a well-known muralist, using both painting and relief methods. She exhibited in New York galleries, including the Morton, Milch,

Downtown ''Downtown'' is a term primarily used in North America by English speakers to refer to a city's sometimes commercial, cultural and often the historical, political and geographic heart. It is often synonymous with its central business distric ...

, and Willard, as well as the

Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It plays a major role in developing and collecting modern art, and is often identified as one of ...

, the Whitney Museum, the

National Academy of Design The National Academy of Design is an honorary association of American artists, founded in New York City in 1825 by Samuel Morse, Asher Durand, Thomas Cole, Martin E. Thompson, Charles Cushing Wright, Ithiel Town, and others "to promote the fin ...

, and the

Art Institute of Chicago The Art Institute of Chicago in Chicago's Grant Park, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the world. Recognized for its curatorial efforts and popularity among visitors, the museum hosts approximately 1.5 mill ...

. She held memberships in the New York Artists Equity Association and

American Artists' Congress The American Artists' Congress (AAC) was an organization founded in February 1936 as part of the popular front of the Communist Party USA as a vehicle for uniting graphic artists in projects helping to combat the spread of fascism. During World W ...

as well as the Mural Artists Guild and the

National Society of Mural Painters The National Society of Mural Painters (NSMP) is an American artists' organization originally known as The Mural Painters. The charter of the society is to advance the techniques and standards for the design and execution of mural art for the enri ...

. In 1938, a newspaper columnist included her in a list of nine women said to have achieved outstanding success in the arts. For much of her career, Ludins lived and worked in Manhattan's Chelsea Hotel during the colder months and spent her summers in a studio at her parents' home in

Putnam Valley, New York Putnam Valley is a town in Putnam County, New York, United States. The population was 11,809 at the 2010 census. Its location is northeast of New York City, in the southwestern part of Putnam County.Putnam Valley calls itself the "Town of Lakes" ...

Art instructor

Immediately after graduating from Columbia Teachers College in 1922, Ludins took a position teaching elements and principles of design in the Department of Home Economics at the North Carolina College for Women, Greensboro. After returning from her European travels in the mid-1920s, she began teaching in summer sessions of Columbia Teachers College in a sequence of appointments that ended with the session for 1938. In 1932, she also served as an art instructor in the College of Education of

Ohio University Ohio University is a Public university, public research university in Athens, Ohio. The first university chartered by an Act of Congress and the first to be chartered in Ohio, the university was chartered in 1787 by the Congress of the Confeder ...

. Later in her life, up to the time when a long illness brought the practice to an end, she gave private lessons to a few students at a time in her Chelsea Hotel studio apartment.

Painter and printmaker

After turning from art instruction as her primary career, Ludins became a professional painter and printmaker. In 1928, she made a drawing of a street in Provincetown, Massachusetts, (shown above) which shows her ability at this early stage in her career as artist. A year later, she made a lithograph of Cassis, a town in southern France (shown above) which shows her skill as printmaker. In 1929, she showed oils in a group exhibition of forty artists at the Morton Galleries in Manhattan and a year later showed watercolors in a group exhibition at the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh. Beginning in 1930, she participated in group shows of prints. That year, she had a print called "Cassis" selected in an exhibition sponsored by the

American Institute of Graphic Arts The American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) is a professional organization for design. Its members practice all forms of communication design, including graphic design, typography, interaction design, user experience, branding and identity. T ...

. Called "Fifty Prints of the Year", the show was the fifth in an irregular series that extended from 1925 into the late 1930s. A well-known artist, John Sloan, was responsible for selecting prints. In addition to "Cassis", he selected works by Stuart Davis,

Morris Kantor Morris Kantor ( be, Морыс Кантор) (1896-1974) was a Russian Empire-born American painter based in the New York City area. Life Born in Minsk on April 15, 1896, Kantor was brought to the United States in 1906 at age 10, in order to jo ...

, Raphael Soyer,

Max Weber Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (; ; 21 April 186414 June 1920) was a German sociologist, historian, jurist and political economist, who is regarded as among the most important theorists of the development of modern Western society. His ideas profo ...

, and others. Early in 1931, she showed block prints in a group exhibition at the

Philadelphia Print Club Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania#Municipalities, largest city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the List of United States cities by population, sixth-largest city i ...

and later that year she showed lithographs in another group at the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1937, on her return from extensive travels in Mexico, she made an etching called "Mexican Village" (shown above) which shows her ability in that medium. In 1945, another etching, this one called "Bombing" (shown above), attracted attention. It was shown that year in the 30th annual exhibition by the Society of American Etchers held at the National Academy of Design and also at the Willard Gallery in Manhattan and then, in 1947, at the Leicester Galleries in London.

Muralist

Having had an interest in making murals from an early age, Ludins observed examples of the muralist movement in Mexico City during travels in the late 1920s. With a referral from Diego Rivera in hand, she returned to Mexico in 1933 to become an assistant to the Mexican-American muralist,

Pablo O'Higgins Pablo Esteban O'Higgins (born Paul Higgins Stevenson; March 1, 1904 - July 16, 1983) was an American-Mexican artist, muralist and illustrator. Early life and education Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, O'Higgins was raised there and in San Diego, C ...

. 'Higgins taught her the fresco technique of mural making and helped her get her first mural commission. This was a work for the official newspaper of the political party that controlled Mexico from 1929 to 2000. The commission led to others, including, in 1934, a fresco called "Modern Industry" for the State Museum at Morelia. A photo of what is probably this fresco is shown above. In 1935 she returned to New York from Mexico began work in the Federal Arts Project, serving, at various times, as artist, senior artist, or supervisor. Over the succeeding eight years, she designed seven murals of which four were completed. One of these was a fresco called "Recreational Grounds of New York City" that she made for the men's recreation room of New York's Bellevue Hospital (1939). A photo of this fresco is shown above. Other Federal Arts Project murals by her include "New York Harbor" (made in wood intarsia, location unknown). In 1941 she was runner up in Federal Arts Project competitions for two projects in New York City and one in Washington, D.C. As well as working for the Federal Arts Project, Ludins was employed by the Section of Fine Arts, then part of the U.S. Treasury Department and later a component of the Federal Works Agency. As a member of the Section of Fine Arts, she completed two

post office murals United States post office murals are notable examples of New Deal art produced during the years 1934–1943. They were commissioned through a competitive process by the United States Department of the Treasury. Some 1,400 murals were created ...

. The first, called "Cement Industry" is located in

Nazareth, Pennsylvania Nazareth is a borough in Northampton County, Pennsylvania. The borough's population was 6,053 at the 2020 census. Nazareth is part of the Lehigh Valley metropolitan area, which had a population of 861,899 and was the 68th most populous metropoli ...

(1938, oil on dry plaster, shown above). The second, called "Valley of the Seven Hills" is located in Cortland, New York (1943, painted wood relief, also shown above). Also in the late 1930s, Ludins joined with architects, landscape designers, mural painters, and sculptors in an informal collaborative to design buildings for the

1939 New York World's Fair The 1939–40 New York World's Fair was a world's fair held at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York, United States. It was the second-most expensive American world's fair of all time, exceeded only by St. Louis's Louisiana Purchas ...

. Two years later, as the opening date of the World's Fair drew near, she joined other Federal Art Project muralists in preparing works for the

Works Progress Administration The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally educated) to carry out public works projects, i ...

community building. The group was led by

Anton Refregier Anton Refregier (March 20, 1905 – October 10, 1979) was a painter and muralist active in Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project commissions, and in teaching art. He was a Russian immigrant to the United States. Among his best-kn ...

and, in addition to Ludins, it included Philip Guston, Eric Mose, and Seymour Fogel. Ludins' mural was a wood relief called "Recreational Activities". In 1937 Ludins exhibited with other Federal Art Project muralists in an exhibition at New York's Museum of Modern Art and three years later she showed at the Whitney Museum with other members of the National Society of Mural Painters. In 1953, she made her last mural. Called "Steel", it was a commission from the J.B. Kendal Steel Company in Washington, D.C.1953 mural for a steel company.

Artistic style

Ludins produced oil paintings on canvas, watercolors, lithographs, and etchings. She made murals via oil on canvas, oil on plaster, fresco, mixed media, and painted wooden relief. She was not known for portraiture, but rather for village and harbor scenes, pictures showing groups of people at work and play, and industrial subjects. Her compositions were seen as "lively", displaying "unusually clean, clear technique", and abstract with "few concrete images". She was considered to be a modernist with a delicate touch who was capable of showing "surging movement" in her work.

Author and illustrator

In 1928, Ludins prepared the cover design and made 120 pen and ink illustrations for three school readers in a set called ''Adventures in Reading'' by E. Ehrlich Smith and others (Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Doran and Co.). In 1931 Ludins wrote and illustrated a children's book entitled ''Wonder Rock'' (New York, Coward & McCann). An early review described it as "an old American Indian legend told and pictured in a beautiful and fascinating small book". It tells a story of two lost children who receive help from animals, including a mouse, a raccoon, a grizzly bear, a mountain lion, and especially an ordinary earthworm in their struggle to find their way back home. Ludins wrote an article for the February 1937 issue of the radical magazine, ''Art Front''. Reviewing an exhibition of paintings and graphic art made by children who participated in a Works Progress Agency art teaching project, she said the works on display should be taken seriously but, more importantly, the project demonstrated the importance of giving children "an opportunity to use their natural creative power to express their world of emotion". Art instruction in the schools should be seen as "a logical step in the creation and development of a living growing American culture of creators as well as appreciators". At the time she wrote, Ludins was a member of the ''Art Front'' editorial board along with

Jacob Kainen Jacob Kainen (December 7, 1909 – March 19, 2001) was an American painter and printmaker. He is also known as an art historian, writing books on John Baptist Jackson (US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1962) and the etchings of Can ...

Mitchell Siporin Mitchell Siporin (1910–1976) was a Social Realist American painter. Biography Mitchell Siporin was born on May 5, 1910 in New York City to Hyman, a truck driver, and Jennie Siporin, both immigrants from Poland, and grew up in Chicago.Abram Le ...

, Charmion Von Wiegand, and others.

Personal life and family

Ludins was born on March 28, 1896, in

Mariupol Mariupol (, ; uk, Маріу́поль ; russian: Мариу́поль) is a city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. It is situated on the northern coast (Pryazovia) of the Sea of Azov, at the mouth of the Kalmius River. Prior to the 2022 Russian i ...

, a city in south-eastern

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

. Her father was David George Ludschinski (1866–1960) and her mother was Olga Richman Ludschinski (born 1873). Her birth name was Ryah Ludschinski. She had three younger siblings, all of them also born in Maruipol: Tima (1898–1992), George (1902–1990), and Eugene (1904–1996). Ludins' father, David George Ludschinski, changed the family name to Ludins after bringing his family to the United States in 1904. He was a builder and real estate speculator. He partnered with his brother, Leo Ludins, and a man named Louis Romm, to form the Ludins & Romm Realty Company in 1905. David and Leo also did business as Ludins Brothers. Both firms worked mainly in northern Manhattan and the Bronx. In the 1920s, the two brothers built apartment houses in the Bronx, one of them a structure of six stories with 185 rooms and 8 storefronts. David Ludins was characterized as a "Russian Jewish intellectual" when the socialist Zionist,

Nachman Syrkin , birth_date = , birth_place = Mogilev, Russian Empire (now Belarus) , death_date = , death_place = New York City, U.S. , spouse = Bassya Syrkin (née Osnos) , partner = , party = , ...

, first encountered him and his family in 1913. Judging by their participation in leftist organizations during the 1930s, Ludins and her two siblings all advocated radical causes. Tima made headlines when she denounced an investigation by the

United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security The United States Senate's Special Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, 1951–77, known more commonly as the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS) and sometimes the M ...

chaired by

William E. Jenner William Ezra Jenner (July 21, 1908 – March 9, 1985) was an American lawyer and politician from the state of Indiana. A Republican, Jenner was an Indiana state senator from 1934 to 1942, and a U.S. Senator from 1944 to 1945 and again from 19 ...

in 1953. She was a teacher in New York City public schools. Eugene was an artist. In 1934, Ludins married a Mexican named Juan de Fuentes, but the marriage lasted only a few months. One source reports that she told her niece, "she liked men, she just didn’t want to find one in her bed in the morning". Following a long illness, Ludins died at her home in the Chelsea Hotel on August 30, 1957.

Other names used

During her life, Ludins was referred to as Ryah Ludschinski, Ryah Ludins, Ryah R. Ludins, and Ryah L. de Fuentes, Her surname was sometimes misspelled Ludens.

References

{{Reflist , colwidth=30em , refs= {{cite journal , title=Thirty-first Annual Catalogue, 1922-1923 , author=North Carolina College for Women , journal=Bulletin of the North Carolina College for Women , date=June 1923 , volume=12 , issue=3 , page=27 , jstor= , url=https://archive.org/details/bulletinofnorthc19221923 , format=PDF , quote= {{cite journal , title=Prints of the Year , author=Gertrude A. Rothschild , journal=Parnassus , date=April 1930 , volume=2 , issue=4 , pages=39–42 , jstor=797791 , publisher=College Art Association , doi=10.2307/797791 , format= , quote= {{cite journal , title=News , journal=Ohio University Alumnus , date=October 1932 , volume=10 , issue=1 , page=4 , jstor= , publisher=Ohio University , format= , quote= {{cite journal , title=A Child's Point of View , author=Ryah Ludins , journal=Art Front , volume=3 , issue=1 , date=February 1937 , pages=16–17 , url=https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/parties/cpusa/art-front/v3n01-feb-1937-Art-Front.pdf , publisher=Artists' Committee of Action, Artists' Union , accessdate=2021-07-21 {{cite journal , title=Like Medievals , journal=Art Digest , volume=11 , issue=20 , date=1937-09-01 , page=31 , url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arts-magazine_1937-09-01_11_20/page/30/mode/2up , format= , publisher=Publisher Arts Communications Group, L.P. , accessdate=2021-07-21 {{cite journal , title=Unionism in Art , journal=Art Digest , volume=12 , issue=10 , date=1938-02-15 , page=7 , url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arts-magazine_1938-02-15_12_10/page/6/mode/2up , format= , publisher=Publisher Arts Communications Group, L.P. , accessdate=2021-07-21 {{cite journal , title=Government Winners , journal=Art Digest , volume=16 , issue=2 , date=1941-10-15 , page=20 , url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arts-magazine_1941-10-15_16_2/page/20/mode/2up , format= , publisher=Publisher Arts Communications Group, L.P. , accessdate=2021-07-21 {{cite journal , title=U.S. Etchers' Annual Veers a Little to the Left , author=Irvin Haas , journal=Art News , date=October 1945 , volume=44 , issue=13 , page=19 , url=https://archive.org/details/sim_artnews_october-15-31-1945_44_13/page/18/mode/2up , publisher=Brant Publications, Inc. , format= , quote= {{cite journal , title=Etching Annual , journal=Art Digest , volume=20 , issue=3 , date=1945-11-01 , page=15 , url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arts-magazine_1945-11-01_20_3 , format= , publisher=Publisher Arts Communications Group, L.P. , accessdate=2021-07-21 {{cite journal , title=The New Deal Art Projects in New York , author=Francis V. O'Connor , journal=American Art Journal , date=Autumn 1969 , volume=1 , issue=2 , pages=58–79 , jstor=1593876 , publisher=Kennedy Galleries, Inc. , doi=10.2307/1593876 , format= , quote= {{cite journal , title=The American Artists Congress and The Invasion of Finland , author=Gerald M. Monroe , journal=Archives of American Art Journal , date=1975 , volume=15 , issue=1 , page=16 , jstor=1557148 , publisher=Kennedy Galleries, Inc. , format= , quote= {{cite book, title=Columbia University Catalogue, 1920-1921 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y5GAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332 , year=1920 , publisher=Columbia University (New York, N.Y.) , page=332 {{cite book, title=Columbia University Catalogue, 1936-1937, url=https://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/columbia-university/catalogue-volume-19361937-ulo/page-12-catalogue-volume-19361937-ulo.shtml , year=1936 , publisher=Columbia University (New York, N.Y.) , page=12 {{cite book, title=Columbia University Catalogue, 1938-1939, url=https://archive.org/details/catalogue1938colu/page/n113/mode/2up?q=%22ryah+ludins%22 , year=1938 , publisher=Columbia University (New York, N.Y.) , page=107 {{cite book , author=Marie Syrkin , title=Nachman Syrkin, Socialist Zionist; a Biographical Memoir , page=151 , url=https://archive.org/details/nachmansyrkinsoc0000unse , year=1961 , publisher=Herzl Press, New York {{cite book , authors=Henry A. Millon and Linda Nochlin , title=Art and Architecture in the Service of Politics , page=345 , url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitecturei00mill/page/344/mode/2up , year=1978 , publisher=MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. {{cite book , authors= , title=The Federal Art Project : American prints from the 1930s in the collection of the University of Michigan Museum of Art , page=110 , url=https://archive.org/details/federalartprojec0000univ , year=1985 , publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, Mich. {{cite book , author=Eliot Bartlett , title=Anchor to Windward , page=39 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRdPAAAAYAAJ , year=1989 , publisher=Harlackenden Press {{cite book , author=James Oles , title=The Mexican Murals of Marion and Grace Greenwood , format=PDF , url=https://www.academia.edu/14465913, year=1989 , publisher=San Francisco State University {{cite book , author=Laura Felleman Fattal , title=Out of Context: American Artists Abroad , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FfyNjE373UC&pg=PA131, year=2004 , publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group , isbn=978-0-313-31649-4, page=131 {{cite book , last=MacLeod , first=Dag , title=Downsizing the State: Privatization and the Limits of Neoliberal Reform in Mexico , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vbd4QbQGBT4C&pg=PA37 , date=2005 , publisher= Pennsylvania State University Press , isbn=0-271-04669-4 , pages=37–38 {{cite thesis , type=M.A. , author=Kim Klausner , title=Tima Ludins: a Life on the Left , page= , url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/tima-ludins-a-life-on-the-left/oclc/53318877 , year=2003 , publisher=Harlackenden Press, oclc=53318877 {{cite thesis , type=Ph.D. , author=Christina Moisant Weyl , title=Women Printmakers and the New York Atelier 17, 1940-1955 , page= , url=https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/47610/PDF/1/play , year=2015 , publisher=Rutgers University {{cite web , url=https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/post-office-mural-nazareth-pa/ , title=Post Office Mural, Nazareth PA, Living New Deal (comment) , format= , publisher=Living New Deal , date=2019-05-23 , author=Robert Rightmire , accessdate=2021-07-19 {{cite web , url=https://livingnewdeal.org/artists/ryah-ludins/ , title=Artist: Ryah Ludins , format= , publisher=Living New Deal , date= , accessdate=2021-07-19 {{cite web , title=Oral History Interview with Anton Refregier , date=1964-11-05 , url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/download_pdf_transcript/ajax?record_id=edanmdm-AAADCD_oh_213745 , format=PDF , publisher=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution , accessdate=2021-07-26 {{cite web , url=https://www.owingsgallery.com/artists/eugene-ludins/biography , title=Eugene Ludins , publisher=Owings Gallery, date= , accessdate=2021-07-27 {{cite web , url=https://www.askart.com/auction_records/Ryah_De_Fuentes_Ludins/109582/Ryah_De_Fuentes_Ludins.aspx?shp=ryah , title=Ryah Ludins , format= , publisher=Askart , accessdate=2021-07-28 {{cite web , url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VPDW-6GF , title= Tima Ludins Tomash, 13 Jul 1992 , format= , publisher="California Death Index, 1940-1997," database; Department of Public Health Services, Sacramento , accessdate=2021-07-28 {{cite web , url=https://www.geni.com/people/George-Ludins/6000000079607117965 , title=George Horace Ludins , format= , publisher=Geni.com , accessdate=2021-07-28 {{cite web , url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/188784508/eugene-ludins , title=Eugene Ludins , format= , publisher=FindAGrave , accessdate=2021-07-28 {{cite web , url=https://sova.si.edu/details/AAA.ludiryah?s=0&n=10&t=C&q=Art+teachers&i=6 , title=Ryah Ludins portfolio , format= , publisher=Smithsonian Online Virtual Archives , accessdate=2021-08-04 {{cite book , url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/adventures-in-reading/oclc/2777561 , title=Adventures in Reading , author=E. Ehrlich Smith , format= , work=WorldCat , oclc=2777561 , accessdate=2021-08-09 {{cite web , url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:X39X-1QD , title=David G Ludins, Bronx Assembly District 35, New York, New York, United States , format= , publisher="United States Census, 1910," database with images, FamilySearch; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 1593, sheet 10B, family 174, NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), roll 1002; FHL microfilm 1,375,015 , accessdate=2021-08-04 {{cite news , title=Stock Quote 2 , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1905-09-29 , page=10 , quote= {{cite news , title=In the Real Estate Field , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1906-06-23 , page=14 , quote= {{cite news , title=The Building Department: List of Plans Filed for New Structures in Manhattan and Bronx , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1906-10-24 , page=14 , quote= {{cite news , title=Clearing House for Art Products Started: The Newly Formed Art Alliance of America Opens Headquarters in New York , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1918-11-08 , page=SM8 , quote= {{cite news , title=In the World of Art , author=A. L. McCord , publisher=Standard Union , location=Brooklyn, New York , date=1922-05-07 , page=31 , quote= {{cite news , title=Lease With Option to Buy Made on West 72d St. Site , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1926-03-24 , page=38 , quote= {{cite news , title=Further Comment on the Week'S Art Exhibitions: A Round Of Galleries: Two Opposed Ways of Teaching Art—Various Artists Exhibit Work , author=Lloyd Goodrich , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1929-05-12 , page=X11 , quote= {{cite news , title=Art Comment , author=George Seibel , publisher=Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph , location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , date=1930-01-12 , page=44 , quote= {{cite news , title=John Sloan One-Man Jury in Fifty Prints of Year , publisher=Brooklyn Daily Eagle , location=Brooklyn, New York , date=1930-03-02 , page=31 , quote= {{cite news , title=Chosen by John Sloan: Stimulating Work in Show Sponsored by American Institute of Graphic Arts , author=Elisabeth Cary , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1930-03-02 , page=146 , quote= {{cite news , title=In Gallery and Studio , author=C.H. Bonte , publisher=Philadelphia Inquirer , location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , date=1931-03-22 , page=19 , quote= {{cite news , title=In the World of Art , publisher=Indianapolis Star , location=Indianapolis, Indiana , date=1931-05-17 , page=55 , quote= {{cite news , title=Around the World in Books , author=Christine Noble Govan , publisher=Chattanooga News , location=Chattanooga, Tennessee , date=1931-11-21 , page=13 , quote= {{cite news , title=Books of the Hour , author=John T. Orr , publisher=Miami News , location=Miami, Florida , date=1933-12-10 , page=28 , quote= {{cite news , title=Speaking of Women , author=Diana Klotts , publisher=Jewish Herald-Voice , location=Houston, Texas , date=1938-03-24 , page=4 , quote= {{cite news , title=Questions from readers answered by Naldah Ross , publisher=Tribune , location=Scranton, Pennsylvania , date=1938-04-12 , page=8 , quote= {{cite news , title=Modern Women yndicated article, author=Charl Ormond Williams , publisher=Weatherford News , location=Weatherford, Oklahoma , date=1938-06-02 , page=3 , quote= {{cite news , title=New York Artist to Give Lessons at Valley Home , publisher=Evening Star , location=Peekskill, New York , date=1938-07-03 , page=3 , quote= {{cite news , title=Graphic Arts Puts 50 Prints on View: Exhibition of American Work Displayed at Gallery of Architectural League , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1938-04-23 , page=19 , quote= {{cite news , title=News and Notes of Art , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1940-10-26 , page=13 , quote= {{cite news , title=Mural by New York Artist in Cortland Post Office , publisher=Cortland Democrat , location=Cortland, New York , date=1943-04-02 , page=5 , quote= {{cite news , title=Mural Tells Story of Steel , publisher=Evening Star , location=Washington, D.C. , date=1953-01-20 , page=A29 , quote= {{cite news , title=Ex-N.Y. Teacher Refuses to Say if She's a Red , author=Ruth Montgomery , work=Daily News , location=New York, New York , date=1953-03-04 , page=77 , quote= {{cite news , title=Famous Artist to Teach in County; Work in Leading Galleries; Ryah Ludins, Distinguished Muralist and Teacher of Art, Opens Putnam Valley Studio , publisher=Putnam Valley Courier , location=Carmel, New York , date=1954-06-17 , page=11 , quote= {{cite news , title=Miss Ryah Ludins, Painter, Teacher: Muralist for Many Public Buildings Dead--Works Exhibited in Museums , work=The New York Times , location=New York, New York , date=1957-08-31 , page=15 , quote= {{Authority control {{DEFAULTSORT:Ludins, Ryah 1896 births 1957 deaths 20th-century American women artists 20th-century American painters American women printmakers American women painters American art educators Art Students League of New York alumni Modern artists Women muralists Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States