Ruth Florence Allen (1879–1963) was an American

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

and

plant pathologist Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungus, fung ...

and the first woman to earn her Ph.D. in botany from the University of Wisconsin. Her doctorate research focused on the reproduction and cell biology of ferns, particularly the phenomenon of apogamy (formation of an embryo without fertilization) (Allen, 1914). Later in her career, Allen shifted her focus to plant pathology. Her major contribution to the field of mycology was furthering the understanding of rust fungi, a group of economically important plant pathogens. Allen completed many studies on ''Puccinia graminis'', once considered a catastrophically damaging disease-causing agent in cereal crops before the discovery of current management measures (Schumann and Leonard, 2000).

Education and career

Ruth F. Allen received her Ph.D. in botany from the University of Wisconsin in 1909, with her thesis titled “Studies in spermatogenesis and apogamy in ferns”. After graduating, Allen worked as a botanist for the Michigan College and Station United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (True, 1914). In 1916, Ruth F. Allen became an Assistant Professor of Botany at Wellesley College, a prominent women's liberal arts college in Wellesley, Massachusetts (Wellesley College, 1917). She later moved to California, where she worked at the University of California at Berkeley and the Bureau of Plant Industry, USDA and California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Contribution to mycology

Allen's major contribution to the study of fungi is through the field of plant pathology. Her work on the

cytology Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and ...

of the rust fungus ''

Puccinia graminis Stem rust, also known as cereal rust, black rust, red rust or red dust, is caused by the fungus ''Puccinia graminis'', which causes significant disease in cereal crops. Crop species that are affected by the disease include bread wheat, durum whe ...

'' helped to elucidate the life cycle and pathology of this devastating fungal disease agent of cereal crops. This species has several formae speciales, variations that utilize specific host plants but have identical morphology (Schumann and Leonard, 2000). The life cycle of ''Puccinia graminis'' f. sp. ''tritici'', commonly called stem rust of wheat, is notoriously complex, with five types of spores (macrocyclic) and two distinct host plants (heteroecious). This fungus is an obligate biotrophic (feeding on the living plant tissue) pathogen of cereal crops that can cause extensive yield loss (Schumann and Leonard, 2000). Until the advent of resistant cultivars, stem rust of wheat was considered a devastating pathogen capable of re-infecting plants in the same field over time and reaching epidemic levels. Allen's research on stem rust of wheat pathology on specific cultivars contributed to the understanding of how to control this cereal pathogen.

Legacy

Allen's surviving heirs, Sam Emsweller, Mable Nebel, Hally Sax, and Evangeline Yarwood, created the Ruth Allen Memorial Fund through the American Phytopathological Society (APS) in 1965. Each year since, a certificate and monetary prize are awarded to an individual who makes an “outstanding, innovative research contribution that has changed, or has the potential to change, the direction of research in any field of plant pathology.”

Important publications

* Allen, RF. 1914. Studies in spermatogenesis and apogamy in ferns. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 17 (1): 1-56. * Allen, RF and HDM Jolivette. 1914. A study of the light reactions of ''Pilobolus''. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 17 (1): 533–598. * Allen, RF. 1923a. A cytological study of infection of Baart and Kanred wheats by ''Puccinia graminis tritici''. Journal of Agricultural Research 23: 131–152. * Allen, RF. 1923b. Cytological studies of infection of Baart, Kanred, and Mindum wheats by ''Puccinia graminis tritici'' form III and XIX. Journal of Agricultural Research 26: 571–604. * Allen, RF. 1926. Cytological studies of forms 9, 21, and 27 of ''Puccinia graminis tritici'' on Khapli emmer. Contribution from Bureau of Plant Industry, 725 pp. * Allen, RF. 1927. A cytological study of orange leaf rust, ''Puccinia triticina'' physiologic form 11, on Malakoff wheat. Journal of Agricultural Research 34: 697–714. * Allen, RF. 1928. A cytological study of ''Puccinia glumarum'' on ''Bromus marginatus'' and ''Triticum vulgare''. Journal of Agricultural Research 36: 487–513. * Allen, RF. 1931. Heterothallism in ''Puccinia triticina''. Science 74: 462–463.

References

Additional references

*Schumann, GL and KJ Leonard. 2000. Stem rust of wheat (black rust). The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2000-0721-01 Last updated 2011. Accessed November 2015. *True AC. 1914. Experiment Station Record, United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations Vol. 31, No. 7. *Wellesley College, 1917. Appointments, Appendix to the Presidents Report. Annual Reports of the President and Treasurer of Wellesley College, p. 51-54.

External links

APS website - list of Ruth Allen Memorial Fund recipients
{{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Ruth Florence 1879 births 1963 deaths American women botanists University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences alumni American phytopathologists Women phytopathologists Women in forestry 20th-century American botanists 20th-century American women scientists