The Russian Geographical Society (russian: Ру́сское географи́ческое о́бщество «РГО»), or RGO, is a
learned society
A learned society (; also learned academy, scholarly society, or academic association) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and science. Membership ...
based in
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
,
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
. It promotes geography, exploration and nature protection with research programs in fields including
oceanography
Oceanography (), also known as oceanology and ocean science, is the scientific study of the oceans. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynami ...
,
ethnography
Ethnography (from Greek ''ethnos'' "folk, people, nation" and ''grapho'' "I write") is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject ...
,
ecology
Ecology () is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level. Ecology overl ...
and
statistics
Statistics (from German: '' Statistik'', "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, indust ...
.
History
Imperial Geographical Society
The society was founded in
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
,
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
on 6 (18) August 1845. Prior to the
Russian Revolution of 1917
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government ...
, it was known as the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.
The order to establish the society came directly from Emperor
Nicholas I.
The motive for the establishment was to encourage geographical research on domestic topics,
which has later been described as a
Russian nationalist
Russian nationalism is a form of nationalism that promotes Russian cultural identity and unity. Russian nationalism first rose to prominence in the early 19th century, and from its origin in the Russian Empire, to its repression during early B ...
political goal.
The filial societies were established at the Caucasus (1850), Irkutsk (1851), Vilnius (1867), Orenburg (1868), Kiev (1873), Omsk (1877), and other cities.
The Society organized and funded the expeditions of
Richard Maack
Richard Otto Maack (also Richard Karlovic Maak, Russian: Ричард Карлович Маак; 4 September 1825 – 25 November 1886) was a 19th-century Russian naturalist, geographer, and anthropologist. He is most known for his explorat ...
,
Pyotr Kropotkin
Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (; russian: link=no, Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин ; 9 December 1842 – 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist, socialist, revolutionary, historian, scientist, philosopher, and acti ...
, Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky,
Nikolai Przhevalsky
Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky (or Prjevalsky;; pl, Nikołaj Przewalski, . – ) was a Russian geographer of Polish descent (he was born in a Polish noble family), and a renowned explorer of Central and East Asia.
Although he never reac ...
,
Nikolai Miklukho-Maklai,
Pyotr Kozlov
Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov (russian: Пётр Кузьми́ч Козло́в; 3 October 1863 in Dukhovshchina – 26 September 1935 in Peterhof) was a Russian and Soviet traveller and explorer who continued the studies of Nikolai Przhevalsky in ...
,
Vladimir Obruchev
Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev (russian: Влади́мир Афана́сьевич О́бручев; , Klepenino near Rzhev, Tver Oblast, Russian Empire – June 19, 1956, Moscow, USSR) was a Russian and Soviet geologist who specialize ...
, and
Lev Berg
Lev Semyonovich Berg, also known as Leo S. Berg (russian: Лев Семёнович Берг; 14 March 1876 – 24 December 1950) was a leading Russian geographer, biologist and ichthyologist who served as President of the Soviet Geographical So ...
. It helped set up the first
polar station
A number of governments maintain permanent research stations in the Arctic. Also known as Arctic bases, polar stations or ice stations, these bases are widely distributed across the northern polar region of Earth.
Historically few research sta ...
s in
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
and was one of the first to publish detailed studies of the
Russian folklore
Folklore of Russia is folklore of Russians and other ethnic groups of Russia.
Russian folklore takes its roots in the pagan beliefs of ancient Slavs and now is represented in the Russian fairy tales. Epic Russian bylinas are also an important ...
and Ukrainian fairs.
The Society pioneered the systematic exploration of the Northern
Urals
The Ural Mountains ( ; rus, Ура́льские го́ры, r=Uralskiye gory, p=ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈɡorɨ; ba, Урал тауҙары) or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through European ...
in 1847-50, of the farthest reaches of the
Amur River
The Amur (russian: река́ Аму́р, ), or Heilong Jiang (, "Black Dragon River", ), is the world's List of longest rivers, tenth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeast China, Northeastern China (Inne ...
in 1854-63, of the vast areas of
Kashgaria
Kashgar ( ug, قەشقەر, Qeshqer) or Kashi ( zh, c=喀什) is an oasis city in the Tarim Basin region of Southern Xinjiang. It is one of the westernmost cities of China, near the border with Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Pakistan. ...
,
Dzungaria
Dzungaria (; from the Mongolian language, Mongolian words , meaning 'left hand') is a geographical subregion in Northwest China that corresponds to the northern half of Xinjiang. It is thus also known as Beijiang, which means "Northern Xinjiang" ...
, and
Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...
from the 1870s onward.
By 1917 the RGO was composed of eleven subdivisions and 1,000 members.
Members and presidents
The founding members of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society included:
*
*
Friedrich (Fyodor) von Berg
*
Karl Ernst von Baer
Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer Edler von Huthorn ( – ) was a Baltic German scientist and explorer. Baer was a naturalist, biologist, geologist, meteorologist, geographer, and is considered a, or the, founding father of embryology. He was ...
*
Ferdinand von Wrangel
Baron Ferdinand Friedrich Georg Ludwig von Wrangel (russian: Барон Фердина́нд Петро́вич Вра́нгель, tr. ; – ) was a Baltic German explorer and seaman in the Imperial Russian Navy, Honorable Member of the Saint ...
*
*
Vladimir Dal
Vladimir Ivanovich Dal ( rus, Влади́мир Ива́нович Даль, p=vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr ɨˈvanəvʲɪdʑ ˈdalʲ; November 22, 1801 – October 4, 1872) was a noted Russian-language lexicographer, polyglot, Turkologist, and founding me ...
*
Gregor von Helmersen
*
*
Adam Johann (Ivan) von Krusenstern
*
*
Fyodor Litke
Fyodor, Fedor (russian: Фёдор) or Feodor is the Russian form of the name "Theodore" meaning “God’s Gift”. Fedora () is the feminine form. Fyodor and Fedor are two English transliterations of the same Russian name.
It may refer to:
Giv ...
*
Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky
Count Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov (russian: Граф Михаи́л Никола́евич Муравьёв; 12 October 1796 in Moscow – 12 September 1866 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian imperial statesman of the 19th century, most known fo ...
*
Vladimir Odoyevsky
Prince Vladimir Fyodorovich Odoyevsky (russian: Влади́мир Фёдорович Одо́евский, p=ɐˈdojɪfskʲɪj; Владимир Федорович Одоевский. Библиографический указатель. Энц ...
*
Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky
Count Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky (1794–1857) was an Russian Empire, Imperial Russian general and statesman.
The illegitimate son of Count , who became Russia's Ministry of National Education (Russian Empire), Minister of National Education, P ...
*
Pyotr Ivanovich Ricord
Pyotr Ivanovich Ricord, also Petr Rikord (russian: link=no, Пётр Иванович Рикорд; – ) was a Russian admiral, traveller, scientist, diplomat, writer, shipbuilder, statesman, and public figure.
Pyotr Ricord was born in 1776 in ...
*
*
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm (Vasily) von Struve
The Society's official presidents were
Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia
Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia (21 September 1827 – 25 January 1892) was the Emperor's Viceroy of Poland from 1862 to 1863.
Early life
Konstantin Nikolayevich was born as the second son of Nicholas I and his wife, Charlotte ...
in 1845-92 and
Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia
Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia (russian: Великий князь Никола́й Миха́йлович; 26 April Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._14_April.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old ...
in 1892-1917, but actually it was run by the Vice-Presidents: Fyodor Litke (1845–50, 1855–57),
Count
Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: ...
Mikhail Muravyov (1850–57),
Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky
Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov or Semenov (russian: Пётр Петрович Семёнов; 2 January ''(New style: 14 January)'', 1827 – 26 February ''(New style: 11 March)'', 1914) was a Russian geographer and statistician who managed the Russ ...
(1873–1914), and
Yuly Shokalsky
Yuly Mikhailovich Shokalsky (russian: Юлий Михайлович Шокальский; October 17, 1856 in Saint Petersburg – March 26, 1940 in Leningrad) was a Russian oceanographer, cartographer, and geographer.
Career
A grandson of A ...
(1914–31).
Constantine Medal
The Constantine Medal was a gold medal worth 200 silver roubles and was the highest award of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. It was established and named after the Society’s first chairman, Great Duke Constantine and was awarded from 1849 to 1929 to explorers who had made a significant geographical discovery or to authors of outstanding publications in geography, ethnography or Russian statistics. From 1924 to 1929 the Medal was referred to as “The highest award of the Russian Geographical Society”.
Recipients of the medal included:
*1849
Ernst Reinhold von Hofmann, for his excellent work during the first expedition of the Russian Geographical Society to the Northern Urals (first award)
*1858
Ivan Aksakov, for his research into trade fairs in Ukraine
*1859
Ludwig Schwarz
Ludwig Schwarz, S.D.B. (born 4 June 1940) is the Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Linz, Austria.
Life
Ludwig Schwarz was the first of nine children and grew up in Most pri Bratislave. After the expulsion of his family from Slovakia in 1945, ...
*1863
Vladimir Dahl
Vladimir Ivanovich Dal ( rus, Влади́мир Ива́нович Даль, p=vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr ɨˈvanəvʲɪdʑ ˈdalʲ; November 22, 1801 – October 4, 1872) was a noted Russian-language lexicographer, polyglot, Turkologist, and founding ...
, for the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language
*1864 Ivashintsov Nikolay Alekseevich, for his long-term efforts to research the
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central Asia ...
*1874
Nikolay Przhevalsky
Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky (or Prjevalsky;; pl, Nikołaj Przewalski, . – ) was a Russian geographer of Polish descent (he was born in a Polish noble family), and a renowned explorer of Central and East Asia.
Although he never reache ...
, for his pre-eminent scientific research, geographical discoveries and travels to Mongolia and the Tangut land
*1878
Adolf Erik Nordensheld, for his voyage and research in the Arctic Ocean along the northern coast of Western and Eastern Siberia
*1880
Ivan Mushketov
Ivan Vasilʹevich Mushketov (russian: Иван Васильевич Мушкетов; 1850–1902) was a famous Russian geologist, tectonist, explorer, and geographer.
Biography
Mushketov was born 9 (21 New Style) January 1850 in the Dango Cos ...
, geologist and engineer, explorer of Central Asia
*1898
Dr Gustav Radde
*1900
Vladimir Obruchev
Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev (russian: Влади́мир Афана́сьевич О́бручев; , Klepenino near Rzhev, Tver Oblast, Russian Empire – June 19, 1956, Moscow, USSR) was a Russian and Soviet geologist who specialize ...
, for his publications on Asian geology
*1902
Pyotr Kozlov
Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov (russian: Пётр Кузьми́ч Козло́в; 3 October 1863 in Dukhovshchina – 26 September 1935 in Peterhof) was a Russian and Soviet traveller and explorer who continued the studies of Nikolai Przhevalsky in ...
, for the 1899-1901 expedition to Tibet
*1905
Alexander Kolchak
Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak (russian: link=no, Александр Васильевич Колчак; – 7 February 1920) was an Imperial Russian admiral, military leader and polar explorer who served in the Imperial Russian Navy and fought ...
, for participation in Baron E. Toll’s expedition, and for the journey to Bennett Island in particular
*1905
Friedrich Schmidt Carl Friedrich Schmidt may refer to:
* Carl Friedrich Schmidt (artist) (1811–1890), German botanical artist and lithographer
* Carl Friedrich Schmidt (geologist)
Carl Friedrich Schmidt (russian: Фёдор Богданович Шмидт, Fyo ...
*1907
Grigory Grum-Grshimailo
Grigory Yefimovich Grum-Grshimailo (russian: Григо́рий Ефи́мович Грумм-Гржима́йло, 1860–1936) was a Russian zoologist best known for his expeditions to Central Asia (Pamir, Bukhara, Tian-Shan, Kan-su, and Kuku ...
, for all his works in Asian geography and for his ''Description of a Journey in Western China''. Volume III
*1907
Fridtjof Nansen
Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (; 10 October 186113 May 1930) was a Norwegian polymath and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. He gained prominence at various points in his life as an explorer, scientist, diplomat, and humanitarian. He led the team t ...
, for his remarkable feats, which constitute a whole era in the Arctic Ocean exploration
*1914
Boris Vilkitsky
Boris Andreyevich Vilkitsky (russian: Бори́с Андре́евич Вильки́цкий) (22 March (3 April N.S.) 1885, Pulkovo – 6 March 1961) was a Russian hydrographer and surveyor. He was the son of Andrey Ippolitovich Vilkitsky.
...
, for hydrographic expeditions in the Arctic Sea.
All-Union Geographical Society
The Society changed its name to the State Geographical Society in 1926 and to the Geographical Society of the USSR in 1938. After Shokalsky its presidents were
geneticist
A geneticist is a biologist or physician who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms. A geneticist can be employed as a scientist or a lecturer. Geneticists may perform general research on genetic processe ...
Nikolai Vavilov
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov ( rus, Никола́й Ива́нович Вави́лов, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ vɐˈvʲiləf, a=Ru-Nikolay_Ivanovich_Vavilov.ogg; – 26 January 1943) was a Russian and Soviet agronomist, botanist a ...
(1931–40),
zoologist
Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the Animal, animal kingdom, including the anatomy, structure, embryology, evolution, Biological clas ...
Lev Berg
Lev Semyonovich Berg, also known as Leo S. Berg (russian: Лев Семёнович Берг; 14 March 1876 – 24 December 1950) was a leading Russian geographer, biologist and ichthyologist who served as President of the Soviet Geographical So ...
(1940–1950),
parasitologist
Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. As a biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question but by their way of life. This means it f ...
Evgeny Pavlovsky
Yevgeny Nikanorovich Pavlovsky (russian: Евге́ний Никано́рович Павло́вский ; 22 February (N.S. 5 March) 1884, today's Voronezh Oblast – 27 May 1965, Leningrad) was a Soviet zoologist, entomologist, academician of ...
(1952–64),
glaciologist
Glaciology (; ) is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.
Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, clima ...
Stanislav Kalesnik
Stanislav Vikentyevich Kalesnik (russian: Станислав Викентьевич Калесник; 23 January 1901 – 13 September 1977) was a Soviet glaciologist, physical geographer, and academician (1968).
Biography
Career
He graduated f ...
(1964–77),
polar explorer
This list is for recognised pioneering explorers of the polar regions. It does not include subsequent travelers and expeditions.
Polar explorers
* Jameson Adams
* Stian Aker
* Valerian Albanov
* Roald Amundsen
* Salomon August Andrée
* Piotr ...
Aleksei Treshnikov (1977–91). The Society has convened numerous congresses and has awarded four types of medals, Big Gold Medal (tri-annual) and three, named after Litke, Semyonov, Przhevalsky (bi-annual), and also
Semen Dezhnev prize (bi-annual). By 1970, it had published more than 2,000 volumes of geographical literature, including the annual ''Zapiski'' (since 1846) and ''Izvestiya'' (since 1865).
Post-Soviet era
The society reverted to its original name upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The main offices of the Society are in St. Petersburg.
Since 2002 the society has sponsored an annual seasonal ice base in the Arctic,
Camp Barneo.
In 2009, the
Minister of Defence of Russia Sergei Shoigu
Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu, ; tyv, Сергей Күжүгет оглу Шойгу, translit=Sergey Kyzhyget oglu Shoygu, . (russian: Сергей Кужугетович Шойгу; born 21 May 1955) is a Russian politician who has served as ...
was elected the President of the Society. As of March 2022, he is still in office. In 2010, the Board of Trustees of the Society was established. The
president of Russia
The president of the Russian Federation ( rus, Президент Российской Федерации, Prezident Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the head of state of the Russian Federation. The president leads the executive branch of the federal ...
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin; (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who holds the office of president of Russia. Putin has served continuously as president or prime minister since 1999: as prime min ...
was appointed chairman of the Board.
Other board members included Russian oligarchs, politicians and
Albert II, Prince of Monaco
Albert II – Website of the Palace of Monaco (Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre Grimaldi; born 14 March 1958) is Prince of Monaco, since 2005.
Albert was born at the Prince's Palace of Monaco, and he is the second child and only son of Prince Rai ...
. The appointments of Shoigu and Putin resulted in the Society getting more subsidies from the Russian state.
The
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. An ...
leaded to changes for the Society: the CEO of
BP Bernard Looney
Bernard Looney (born 1970) is an Irish businessman and CEO of BP. During Looney's tenure as CEO of BP, he promised to end BP's relationship with Rosneft, the Russian state-owned energy giant, amid Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Looney was ...
resigned as a trustee of the Society an
membership of Russia within International Geographical Unionwas suspended as of March 7th 2022 pending a formal decision on its membership at the next IGU General Assembly in July 2022. Nevertheless, in suspending Russia’s formal IGU membership, th
IGU maintains an open door for continued engagement with colleagues in Russia.
Divisions
The Imperial Society comprised four departments:
Department of Physical Geography
Department of Mathematical Geography
Department of Ethnography
Nikolai Nadezhdin was involved in the foundation of this department, when the RGO was originally set up. During the 1850s and 1860s the
ethnographic
Ethnography (from Greek ''ethnos'' "folk, people, nation" and ''grapho'' "I write") is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject o ...
division gathered and published material such as works of folklore and the ''byt'' or "way of life" which they regarded as reflecting the "essence" of the indigenous people of the Russian Empire.
In 1909
Dmitry Nikolayevich Anuchin
Dmitry Nikolayevich Anuchin ( Russian: Дми́трий Никола́евич Ану́чин; 27 August 1843 – 4 June 1923) was a Russian Empire anthropologist, ethnographist, archaeologist, and geographer. He was a member of the Russian Geo ...
,
Vladimir Bogdanov
Vladimir Leonidovich Bogdanov (russian: Владимир Леонидович Богданов; born 28 May 1951) is a Russian businessman and oil tycoon.
Biography and career
In 1973 he graduated from Tyumen Industrial Institute with a degre ...
and
Vsevolod Miller
Vsevolod Fyodorovich Miller (russian: Все́волод Фёдорович Ми́ллер) (7 April ( N.S. 19 April) 1848, Moscow – 5 November (N.S. 18 November) 1913, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian philologist, folklorist, linguist, anthropo ...
convened the ethnographic sub-section of the
Twelfth Congress of Russian Natural Scientists and Physicians held in Moscow. Here they pushed for more professionalism to distinguish ethnographers from missionaries and amateurs.
In 1917
David Zolotarev and
Nikolai Mogilyansky of the RGO participated in the
.
Department of Statistics
Further reading
*
Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky
Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov or Semenov (russian: Пётр Петрович Семёнов; 2 January ''(New style: 14 January)'', 1827 – 26 February ''(New style: 11 March)'', 1914) was a Russian geographer and statistician who managed the Russ ...
. ''История полувековой деятельности Императорского Русского географического общества''. Volumes 1-3. SPb, 1896.
*
Lev Berg
Lev Semyonovich Berg, also known as Leo S. Berg (russian: Лев Семёнович Берг; 14 March 1876 – 24 December 1950) was a leading Russian geographer, biologist and ichthyologist who served as President of the Soviet Geographical So ...
. ''Всесоюзное Географическое общество за 100 лет. 1845-1945''. Moscow-Leningrad, 1946.
*''Географическое общество за 125 лет''. Leningrad, 1970.
*Hirsch, Francine. 2005. ''Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union''. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
See also
*
List of geography awards
This list of geography awards is an index to articles about notable awards for geography, the field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets. The list is organized by the region an ...
*
List of Russian explorers
The history of exploration by citizens or subjects of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire, the Tsardom of Russia and other Russian predecessor states forms a significant part of the history of Russia as well as the histo ...
References
External links
*
The contribution of the Russian Geographical Society into the history of the ocean studies
{{authority control
Science and technology in Russia
History of geography
Geographic societies
Learned societies of Russia
Organizations based in Saint Petersburg
Organizations established in 1845
1845 establishments in the Russian Empire
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg