This list of

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

biologist A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual Cell (biology), cell, a multicellular organism, or a Community (ecology), community of Biological inter ...

s includes the famous biologists from the

Russian Federation Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

, the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

, the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

and other predecessor states of Russia. Biologists of all specialities may be listed here, including

ecologist Ecology () is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level. Ecology overlaps wi ...

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

zoologist Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the Animal, animal kingdom, including the anatomy, structure, embryology, evolution, Biological clas ...

paleontologist Paleontology (), also spelled palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). It includes the study of fossi ...

biochemist Biochemists are scientists who are trained in biochemistry. They study chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms. Biochemists study DNA, proteins and Cell (biology), cell parts. The word "biochemist" is a portmanteau of ...

physiologist Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a sub-discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical a ...

s and others.

Alphabetical list

A

Johann Friedrich Adam Johann Friedrich Adam, later called Michael Friedrich Adams (1780 in Moscow – 1 March 1838, in Vereya) was a botanist from Saint Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia. He studied from 1795–1796 in the medical school of Saint Petersburg, S ...

, discoverer of the

Adams mammoth The Adams mammoth is the first woolly mammoth skeleton with skin and flesh still attached to be recovered by scientists. The mostly complete skeleton and flesh were discovered in 1799 in northeastern Siberia by Ossip Shumachov, an Evenki hunter ...

, the first complete

woolly mammoth The woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'') is an extinct species of mammoth that lived during the Pleistocene until its extinction in the Holocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with '' Mammuthus subp ...

skeleton *

Igor Akimushkin Igor Ivanovich Akimushkin (russian: link=no, Игорь Иванович Акимушкин) (May 1, 1929 – 1993) was a Soviet zoologist and writer. Born in Moscow, he graduated the biological faculty of Moscow State University in 1952. His fi ...

* Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii,

* Nicolai Andrusov,

Andrey Avinoff Andrey Avinoff (14 February 1884 – 16 July 1949); was an internationally-known artist, lepidopterist, museum director, professor, bibliophile and iconographer, who served as the director of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh ...

entomologist Entomology () is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term "insect" was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arach ...

Anatoly Andriyashev Anatoly Petrovich Andriyashev (; 19 August 1910 – 4 January 2009) was a Soviet and Russian Ichthyology, ichthyologist, Marine biology, marine biologist, and zoogeography, zoogeographist, notable for his studies of marine fauna of the Arctic and ...

ichthyologist Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish ( Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). According to FishBase, 33,400 species of fish had been described as of Octobe ...

, zoogeographist Andrei Bolotov

B

Karl Ernst von Baer Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer Edler von Huthorn ( – ) was a Baltic German scientist and explorer. Baer was a naturalist, biologist, geologist, meteorologist, geographer, and is considered a, or the, founding father of embryology. He was ...

, naturalist, founder of the

Russian Entomological Society The Russian Entomological Society is a Russian scientific society devoted to entomology. The Society was founded in 1859 in St. Petersburg by Karl Ernst von Baer, Johann Friedrich von Brandt who was then the director of the Zoological Museum of th ...

, formulated

embryological Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, ''embryon'', "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, ''-logia'') is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and ...

Baer's laws Von Baer's laws of embryology (or laws of development) are four rules proposed by Karl Ernst von Baer to explain the observed pattern of embryonic development in different species. Von Baer formulated the laws in the book ''Über Entwickelungsge ...

Alexander Barchenko Barchenko in 1937 Alexander Vasilyevich Barchenko (russian: link=no, Александр Васильевич Барченко; 1881, Yelets — April, 1938) was a Russian biologist and researcher of anomalous phenomena from St. Petersburg. In 1904 ...

, notable for his research of

Hyperborea In Greek mythology, the Hyperboreans ( grc, Ὑπερβόρε(ι)οι, ; la, Hyperborei) were a mythical people who lived in the far northern part of the known world. Their name appears to derive from the Greek , "beyond Boreas" (the God of ...

Jacques von Bedriaga Jacques Vladimir von Bedriaga (last name sometimes spelled Bedryagha) (1854 - 1906) was a Russian herpetologist who was a native of Kriniz, a village near Voronezh. In scientific papers Bedriaga would sometimes alter his name to agree with the la ...

, prominent

herpetologist Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν ''herpetón'', meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and rept ...

, described

Bedriaga's rock lizard Bedriaga's rock lizard (''Archaeolacerta bedriagae'') is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. The species is monotypic within the genus ''Archaeolacerta''. It is only found on the islands Corsica and Sardinia. The scientific name ''Lacer ...

and

Bedriaga's skink ''Chalcides bedriagai'', commonly known as Bedriaga's skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It usually lives in sandy areas with sparse vegetation and good ground cover. It can a ...

Andrey Belozersky Andrey Nikolayevich Belozersky (Андре́й Никола́евич Белозе́рский) (29 August, 1905 (Tashkent, Turkestan region, Russian Empire) – 31 December, 1972 (Moscow, Soviet Union)) was a Soviet biologist and biochemist, ...

, founder of

molecular biology Molecular biology is the branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions. The study of chemical and physi ...

* Dmitry Belyayev,

domesticated silver fox The domesticated silver fox (''Vulpes vulpes'' forma ''amicus'') is a form of the silver fox that has been to some extent domesticated under laboratory conditions. The silver fox is a melanistic form of the wild red fox. Domesticated silver f ...

Lev Berg Lev Semyonovich Berg, also known as Leo S. Berg (russian: Лев Семёнович Берг; 14 March 1876 – 24 December 1950) was a leading Russian geographer, biologist and ichthyologist who served as President of the Soviet Geographical So ...

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...

and

European Russia European Russia (russian: Европейская Россия, russian: европейская часть России, label=none) is the western and most populated part of Russia. It is geographically situated in Europe, as opposed to the cou ...

Yuli Berkovich Yuli Berkovich (1944 - 2022) was a scientist who has performed experiments with seed germination in zero gravity, among others, on both the Soviet Mir Space Station and the International Space Station. The seedlings germinated, but died a few days ...

, experimented with seed germination in zero gravity *

Nikolai Bernstein Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bernstein (russian: Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Бернште́йн; 5 November 1896 – 16 January 1966) was a Soviet neurophysiologist who has pioneered motion-tracking devices and formal processing of in ...

, neurophysiologist, coined the term

biomechanics Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a branch of ...

Vladimir Betz Volodymyr Oleksiyovych Betz( ua, Володи́мир Олексійович Бец) ( – )Kushchayev, Sergiy V., et al. "The Discovery of the Pyramidal Neurons: Volodymyr Betz and a New Era of Neuroscience." JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY. Vol. 113. ...

, discovered giant pyramidal neurons of

primary motor cortex The primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) is a brain region that in humans is located in the dorsal portion of the frontal lobe. It is the primary region of the motor system and works in association with other motor areas including premotor co ...

* Anatoli Petrovich Bogdanov,

Andrey Bolotov Andrey Timofeyevich Bolotov (18 October 1738 – 16 October 1833) was the most prolific memoirist and the most distinguished agriculturist of the 18th-century Russian Empire. Bolotov was born and spent most of his adult life in the family estate ...

, major 18th-century

agriculturist An agriculturist, agriculturalist, agrologist, or agronomist (abbreviated as agr.), is a professional in the science, practice, and management of agriculture and agribusiness. It is a regulated profession in Canada, India, the Philippines, the U ...

, discovered

dichogamy Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism that occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants. Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when the individual changes its sex at some point in its life. In particular, ...

, pioneered

cross-pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, ...

* August von Bongard,

Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...

, discoverer of

Sitka spruce ''Picea sitchensis'', the Sitka spruce, is a large, coniferous, evergreen tree growing to almost tall, with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m (16 ft). It is by far the largest species of spruce and the fifth-larg ...

and

red alder ''Alnus rubra'', the red alder, is a deciduous broadleaf tree native to western North America (Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho and Montana). Description Red alder is the largest species of alder in North A ...

Antonina Borissova Antonina Georgievna Borissova (1903–1970) was a Soviet botanist, specialising in the flora of the deserts and semi-desert of central Asia. Borissova authored 195 land plant species names, the ninth-highest number of such names authored by any ...

, botanist *

Zinaida Botschantzeva Zinaida Petrovna Botschantzeva (10 October 1907 – 17 August 1973) was a Soviet and Russian botanist, cytologist, embryologist, and professor of the Tashkent university. Botschantzeva came from a large Cossack family. In 1930 she graduate ...

, botanist *

Alexander Bunge Alexander Georg von Bunge (russian: Алекса́ндр Андре́евич Бу́нге; – ) was a Russian botanist. He is best remembered for scientific expeditions into Asia and especially Siberia. Early life and education Bunge was bo ...

, major botanist of

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...

(especially Altai) *

Alexey Bystrow Alexey Petrovich Bystrow, sometimes spelled Alexey Petrovich Bystrov and Aleksei Petrovich Bystrow, (russian: Алексе́й Петро́вич Быстро́в; February 1, 1899 – August 29, 1959) was a Soviet paleontologist, anatomist, ...

, paleontologist

C

Alexander Catsch Alexander Siegfried Catsch (also Katsch; –16 February 1976) was a German-Russian medical doctor and radiation biologist. Up to the end of World War II, he worked in Nikolaj Vladimirovich Timefeev-Resovskij's ''Abteilung für Experimentelle Ge ...

, medical doctor and radiation biologist *

Mikhail Chailakhyan Mikhail Khristoforovich Chailakhyan ( hy, Միքայել Քրիստափորի Չայլախյան, russian: Михаи́л Христофо́рович Чайлахя́н) (1902–1991) was an Armenian-Soviet scientist who is widely known for pro ...

, researcher of

flowering A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism ...

, described the

florigen Florigen (or flowering hormone) is the hypothesized hormone-like molecule responsible for controlling and/or triggering flowering in plants. Florigen is produced in the leaves, and acts in the shoot apical meristem of buds and growing tips. It is k ...

hormone *

Maria Cherkasova Maria Cherkasova (born 1938) is a journalist, ecologist, and director of the Centre for Independent Ecological Programmers (CIEP). She is famous because of coordinating a four-year campaign to stop construction of a hydro-electric dam on the Katu ...

, ecologist *

Evgeny Chernikin Evgeny Mikhailovich Chernikin (russian: Евге́ний Миха́йлович Черни́кин, uk, Євген Михайлович Чорникiн) (20 July 1928 – 17 August 2009) was a Soviet/Russian zoologist and ecologist, known for h ...

, biologist *

Feodosy Chernyshov Feodosy Nikolayevich Chernyshov or Feodosii Nikolaevich Chernyshev (russian: Феодо́сий Никола́евич Чернышёв; – ) was a geologist and a paleontologist. He was among the first to produce high resolution geological maps ...

, paleontologist *

Sergei Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich Chetverikov (russian: Серге́й Серге́евич Четверико́в; 6 May 1880 – 2 July 1959) was a Russian biologist and one of the early contributors to the development of the field of genetics. His research show ...

, pioneer of

modern evolutionary synthesis Modern synthesis or modern evolutionary synthesis refers to several perspectives on evolutionary biology, namely: * Modern synthesis (20th century), the term coined by Julian Huxley in 1942 to denote the synthesis between Mendelian genetics and s ...

Pyotr Chikhachyov Pyotr Alexandrovich Chikhachyov, last name also spelled Chikhachev or Tchihatchev (russian: link=no, Пётр Алекса́ндрович Чихачёв; 23 December 1808 – 13 October 1890) was a Russian naturalist and geologist who was admitt ...

, naturalist *

Alexander Chizhevsky Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky (russian: Алекса́ндр Леони́дович Чиже́вский, also Aleksandr Leonidovich Tchijevsky) (7 February 1897 – 20 December 1964) was a Soviet-era interdisciplinary scientist, a biophysicist ...

, founder of heliobiology and modern

air ionification An air ioniser (or negative ion generator or Chizhevsky's chandelier) is a device that uses high voltage to ionise (electrically charge) air molecules. Negative ions, or anions, are particles with one or more extra electrons, conferring a net ne ...

D

Ilya Darevsky Ilya Sergeyevich Darevsky (russian: Илья Сергеевич Даревский, 18 December 1924 – 8 August 2009) was a Soviet Russian zoologist-herpetologist and a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During his career ...

, biologist *

Nikolay Dubinin Nikolay Petrovich Dubinin (January 4, 1907 – March 26, 1998) was a Soviet and Russian biologist and academician. He worked under the supervision of Sergei Chetverikov. He was a Corresponding Member of the Division of Biological Sciences f ...

, studied the genetic basis of the human individuality in different populations; studied variability and heritability of neuro, and psychodynamic parameters

E

* Vladimir Efroimson, Soviet geneticist *

Kirill Eskov Kirill Yuryevich Eskov (russian: Кири́лл Ю́рьевич Есько́в; born 16 September 1956) is a Russian writer, biologist and paleontologist. As an author he is known for '' The Gospel of Afranius'' in which he presents an atheistic ...

, biologist, discovered several new genera of spiders * Eduard Eversmann, biologist and explorer, pioneer researcher of flora and fauna of southern

F

Andrey Famintsyn Andrei Sergeyevich Famintsyn (russian: Андрей Серге́евич Фаминцын; June 29 ( O.S. June 17), 1835 in Moscow – December 8, 1918 in Petrograd) was a Russian botanist, public figure, and academician of the Petersburg Academy ...

plant physiologist Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. Closely related fields include plant morphology (structure of plants), plant ecology (interactions with the environment), phytochemistry (bio ...

, inventor of

grow lamp A grow light is an electric light to help plants grow. Grow lights either attempt to provide a light spectrum similar to that of the sun, or to provide a spectrum that is more tailored to the needs of the plants being cultivated (typically a varyi ...

, developer of

symbiogenesis Symbiogenesis (endosymbiotic theory, or serial endosymbiotic theory,) is the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms. The theory holds that mitochondria, plastids such as chloroplasts, and possi ...

theory *

Mikhail A. Fedonkin Academician Mikhail Aleksandrovich Fedonkin (russian: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович Федо́нкин; born June 19, 1946) is a Russian paleontologist specializing in documentation of the earliest animals' body fossils, tracks, a ...

, paleontologist *

Yuri Filipchenko Yuri Aleksandrovich Filipchenko (russian: Юрий Александрович Филипченко; sometimes spelled Philipchenko) (1882 — 1930) was a Russian entomologist who coined the terms ''microevolution'' and ''macroevolution,'' as well a ...

, entomologist, coined the terms

microevolution Microevolution is the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population. This change is due to four different processes: mutation, selection (natural and artificial), gene flow and genetic drift. This change happens over a r ...

and

macroevolution Macroevolution usually means the evolution of large-scale structures and traits that go significantly beyond the intraspecific variation found in microevolution (including speciation). In other words, macroevolution is the evolution of taxa abov ...

G

Oleg Gazenko Oleg Georgievich Gazenko (russian: Олег Георгиевич Газенко; 12 December 1918 – 17 November 2007) was a Russian scientist, general officer in the Soviet Air Force and the former director of the Institute of Biomedical Pr ...

Johann Georg Gmelin Johann Georg Gmelin (8 August 1709 – 20 May 1755) was a German naturalist, botanist and geographer. Early life and education Gmelin was born in Tübingen, the son of a professor at the University of Tübingen. He was a gifted child and began ...

, first researcher of

n flora *

Vadim G. Gratshev Vadim Gennadyevich Gratshev (russian: Вадим Геннадьевич Грачёв, 1 May 196317 October 2006) was one of world leading experts in paleoentomology, palaeoentomology. Vadim graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute in 1 ...

, paleontologist *

Viktor Grebennikov Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov ( rus, Виктор Степанович Гребенников; 23 April 1927 in Simferopol – 2001 in Novosibirsk) was a self-proclaimed Russian scientist, biologist, entomologist and paranormal researcher best kn ...

, naturalist and

, claimed to have built a

levitation Levitation (from Latin ''levitas'' "lightness") is the process by which an object is held aloft in a stable position, without mechanical support via any physical contact. Levitation is accomplished by providing an upward force that counteracts ...

platform by attaching dead insect body parts to the underside *

Ilya Gruzinov Ilya Egorovich Gruzinov (Russian language, Russian: Илья Егорович Грузинов; 1781 – January 1813) was an Imperial Russian professor of anatomy and physiology at Imperial Moscow University. He discovered in 1812 that the actua ...

, discovered the source for deep vocal sound is the

membrane A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. Such things may be molecules, ions, or other small particles. Membranes can be generally classified into synthetic membranes and biological membranes. B ...

Grigory Grum-Grshimailo Grigory Yefimovich Grum-Grshimailo (russian: Григо́рий Ефи́мович Грумм-Гржима́йло, 1860–1936) was a Russian zoologist best known for his expeditions to Central Asia (Pamir, Bukhara, Tian-Shan, Kan-su, and Kuku ...

, zoologist and geographer, obtained two

Przewalski's horse Przewalski's horse (, , (Пржевальский ), ) (''Equus ferus przewalskii'' or ''Equus przewalskii''), also called the takhi, Mongolian wild horse or Dzungarian horse, is a rare and endangered horse originally native to the steppes of Ce ...

s and more than 1000 bird specimens from his travels in Central Asia *

Alexander Gurwitsch Alexander Gavrilovich Gurwitsch (also Gurvich, Gurvitch; russian: Алекса́ндр Гаври́лович Гу́рвич; 1874–1954) was a Russian and Soviet biologist and medical scientist who originated the morphogenetic field theory and di ...

, originated the

morphogenetic field In the developmental biology of the early twentieth century, a morphogenetic field is a group of cells able to respond to discrete, localized biochemical signals leading to the development of specific morphological structures or organs. The sp ...

theory and discovered the

biophoton Biophotons (from the Greek βίος meaning "life" and φῶς meaning "light") are photons of light in the ultraviolet and low visible light range that are produced by a biological system. They are non-thermal in origin, and the emission of b ...

* Guladi Gogmachadze, doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, professor of agroinformatics department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Director-General of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Informatization of Agronomy and Ecology (“VNII AgroEcoInform”)

I

* Ilya Ivanov, researcher of

artificial insemination Artificial insemination is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse. It is a fertility treatme ...

and the

interspecific hybrid In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents (such as in ...

ization of animals, involved in controversial attempts to create a human-ape hybrid *

Dmitry Ivanovsky Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky (alternative spelling ''Dmitrii'' or ''Dmitry Iwanowski''; russian: Дми́трий Ио́сифович Ивано́вский; 28 October 1864 – 20 June 1920) was a Russian botanist, the co-discoverer of :viruses ...

, discoverer of

virus A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1 ...

J

Hans Johansen Hans Christian Johansen (2 December 1897–18 December 1973) was a Danish-Russian professor of zoology, first at Tomsk State University, later at the University of Copenhagen. Life Hans Johansen was born in Riga, Governorate of Livonia, Russ ...

, zoologist * Hermann Johansen, zoologist

K

Georgii Karpechenko Georgii Dmitrievich Karpechenko (1899 in Velsk, Vologda Governorate – July 28, 1941) was a Russian and Soviet biologist. His name has sometimes been transliterated as Karpetschenko. G. D. Karpechenko specialized in plant cytology and created se ...

, inventor of

rabbage ''Brassicoraphanus'' is any intergeneric hybrid between the genera ''Brassica'' (cabbages, etc.) and ''Raphanus'' (radish). The name comes from the combination of the genus names. Both diploid hybrids and allopolyploid hybrids are known and share ...

, an early experimental

allopolyploid Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of ( homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, where each set contains ...

and non-sterile

hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...

obtained through

crossbreeding A crossbreed is an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. ''Crossbreeding'', sometimes called "designer crossbreeding", is the process of breeding such an organism, While crossbreeding is used to main ...

of distant species *

Karl Fedorovich Kessler Karl Fedorovich Kessler (19 November 1815 – 3 March 1881) was a German-Russian zoologist and author of zoological taxa signed ''Kessler'', who was mostly active in Kyiv, Ukraine. He conducted most of his studies of birds in Ukrainian region ...

, zoologist *

Alexander Keyserling Alexander Friedrich Michael Lebrecht Nikolaus Arthur Graf von Keyserling (15 August 1815 – 8 May 1891) was a Baltic German geologist and paleontologist from the Keyserlingk family of Baltic German nobility. Career Alexander von Keyserli ...

, zoologist *

Nikolai Koltsov Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov (russian: Николай Константинович Кольцов; July 14, 1872 – December 2, 1940) was a Russian biologist and a pioneer of modern genetics. Among his students were Nikolay Timofeeff-Ressovs ...

, discoverer of

cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is compos ...

Vladimir Komarov Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov ( rus, Влади́мир Миха́йлович Комаро́в, p=vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ kəmɐˈrof; 16 March 1927 – 24 April 1967) was a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer, and cosmonaut. ...

plant geographer Phytogeography (from Greek language, Greek φυτόν, ''phytón'' = "plant" and γεωγραφία, ''geographía'' = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographi ...

, President of the

Soviet Academy of Sciences The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991, uniting the country's leading scientists, subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (until 1946 ...

, founder of the

Komarov Botanical Institute The Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (russian: Ботанический институт им. В.Л.Комарова РАН) is a leading botanical institution in Russia, It is located on Aptekarsky Island in St. Peter ...

Aleksei Alekseevich Korotnev Aleksei Alekseevich Korotnev (February 15, 1854, Moscow – June 14, 1915, Odessa) was a zoologist from the Russian Empire. Korotnev graduated from Moscow University in 1876 and gained his doctorate there in 1881. In 1887 he became a professor ...

, zoologist *

Alexander Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky (russian: Алекса́ндр Ону́фриевич Ковале́вский, 7 November 1840 in Vorkovo, Dvinsky Uyezd, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire – 1901, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Russi ...

, embryologist, major researcher of

gastrulation Gastrulation is the stage in the early embryonic development of most animals, during which the blastula (a single-layered hollow sphere of cells), or in mammals the blastocyst is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula. Be ...

Vladimir Kovalevsky , honorific_suffix = , image = Ковалевский Владимир Иванович 1.jpg , image_size = 200px , alt = , caption = Vladimir Kovalevsky , ...

, studied the effect of

meteorological Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not ...

hydrological Hydrology () is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and environmental watershed sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is calle ...

, and

temperature Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses quantitatively the perceptions of hotness and coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied o ...

factors on

harvest Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields. Reaping is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe, sickle, or reaper. On smaller farms with minimal mechanization, harvesting is the most labor-i ...

Alexey Kondrashov Alexey Simonovich Kondrashov (russian: Алексе́й Си́монович Кондрашо́в) (born April 11, 1957) worked on a variety of subjects in evolutionary genetics. He is best known for the ''deterministic mutation hypothesis''Kondr ...

, works on

evolutionary genetics Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and popu ...

. Developed the deterministic mutation hypothesis explaining the maintenance of sexual reproduction,

sympatric speciation Sympatric speciation is the evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region. In evolutionary biology and biogeography, sympatric and sympatry are terms referring to organi ...

, and evaluated

mutation In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA. Mutations result from errors during DNA or viral replication, mi ...

rates *

Boris Kozo-Polyansky Boris Mikhailovich Kozo-Polyansky (; 20 January 1890 – 21 April 1957) was a Soviet and Russian botanist and evolutionary biologist, best known for his seminal work, ''Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution'', which was the first work to pl ...

, botanist, and evolutionary biologist. First to support the theory of

with Darwinian evolution, and first director of The B.M. Kozo-Polyansky Botanical Garden of

Voronezh State University Voronezh State University is one of the main universities in Central Russia, located in the city of Voronezh. The university was established in 1918 by professors evacuated from the University of Tartu in Estonia. The university has 18 faculties ...

. *

August David Krohn August David Krohn (1803–1891) was a Saint Petersburg born zoologist of German origin. He was the son of Abraham Krohn, the founder of Russia's first brewery, who had left the island of Rügen to serve in the court of Catherine the Great. He wa ...

, pioneer in marine biology and published essential works on

Chaetognatha The Chaetognatha or chaetognaths (meaning ''bristle-jaws'') are a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of plankton worldwide. Commonly known as arrow worms, about 20% of the known Chaetognatha species are benthic, and can ...

(arrow worms) *

Peter Kropotkin Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (; russian: link=no, Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин ; 9 December 1842 – 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist, socialist, revolutionary, historian, scientist, philosopher, and activis ...

zoologist * Ludmila Kuprianova, botanist * Andrei Kursanov, major physiologist and biochemist *

Sergei Kurzanov Sergei Mikhailovich Kurzanov (Сергей Михайлович Курзанов, born 1947) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) paleontologist at the Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He is known mainly for his work in Mongo ...

, paleontologist *

Nikolai Jakovlevice Kusnezov Nikolai Yakovlevich Kuznetsov ( rus, Николай Яковлевич Кузнецов; May 23, 1873 in Saint Petersburg – April 8, 1948 in Leningrad) was a Russian Empire and Soviet entomologist, paleoentomologist and physiologist, since 1910 w ...

L

Alexander Lebedev Alexander Yevgenievich Lebedev ( rus, Александр Евгеньевич Лебедев, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr jɪvˈɡʲenʲjɪvʲɪtɕ ˈlʲebʲɪdʲɪf; born 16 December 1959) is a Russian businessman, and has been referred to as one of t ...

, known for his work on the biochemical basis of behavior * Olga Lepeshinskaya, advocate of

spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation is a superseded scientific theory that held that living creatures could arise from nonliving matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular. It was hypothesized that certain forms, such as fleas, could arise fr ...

Ivan Lepyokhin Ivan Ivanovich Lepyokhin (Иван Иванович Лепёхин; , in Saint Petersburg – , in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian naturalist, zoologist, botanist and explorer. He began his studies in the Academy of Sciences of Saint-Petersbur ...

, botanist *

Peter Lesgaft Peter Franzevich Lesgaft (russian: Пётр Францевич Лесгафт) (21 September 1837 – 1909) was a Russian teacher, anatomist, physician and social reformer. He was the founder of the modern system of physical education and medical-p ...

, founder of the modern system of physical education, one of the founders of theoretical anatomy *

Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky or Volodymyr Ipolytovych Lypsky (russian: Владимир Ипполитович Липский; uk, Володимир Іполитович Липський; 11 March 1863 – 24 February 1937) was a Ukrainian sc ...

, botanist *

Dmitry Litvinov Dmitry Ivanovich Litvinov (russian: Дмитрий Иванович Литвинов; – 5 July 1929) was a Russian botanist responsible for the naming of a large variety of East European and Asian plants. He is known as the author of the co ...

, botanist *

Trofim Lysenko Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (russian: Трофим Денисович Лысенко, uk, Трохи́м Дени́сович Лисе́нко, ; 20 November 1976) was a Soviet agronomist and Pseudoscience, pseudo-scientist.''An ill-educated agro ...

, agronomist, developer of

yarovization Vernalization (from Latin ''vernus'', "of the spring") is the induction of a plant's flowering process by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter, or by an artificial equivalent. After vernalization, plants have acquired the ability to flower, ...

, infamous for

lysenkoism Lysenkoism (russian: Лысенковщина, Lysenkovshchina, ; uk, лисенківщина, lysenkivščyna, ) was a political campaign led by Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko against genetics and science-based agriculture in the mid-20th cen ...

M

Evgeny Maleev Evgeny Aleksandrovich Maleev (, ; 25 February 1915 – 12 April 1966) was a Soviet and Russian paleontologist who did most of his research on reptiles and Asian fossils, such as the naming of the ankylosaur ''Talarurus'' and theropods ''Tarbo ...

, discoverer of

Talarurus ''Talarurus'' ( ; meaning "basket tail" or "wicker tail") is a genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period, about 96 million to 89 million years ago. The first remains of ''Talarurus'' were discovered in 19 ...

Tarbosaurus ''Tarbosaurus'' ( ; meaning "alarming lizard") is a genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur that flourished in Asia about 70 million years ago, at the end of the Late Cretaceous Period, considered to contain a single known species, ''Tarbosaurus bataa ...

, and

Therizinosaurus ''Therizinosaurus'' (; meaning 'scythe lizard') is a genus of very large therizinosaurid that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now the Nemegt Formation around 70 million years ago. It contains a single species, ''Therizi ...

Karl Maximovich Carl Johann Maximovich (also Karl Ivanovich Maximovich, Russian: Карл Иванович Максимович; 23 November 1827 in Tula, Russia – 16 February 1891 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian botanist. Maximovich spent most of his life ...

, pioneer researcher of the

Far East The ''Far East'' was a European term to refer to the geographical regions that includes East and Southeast Asia as well as the Russian Far East to a lesser extent. South Asia is sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons. The ter ...

ern

flora Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms '' gut flora'' or '' skin flora''. E ...

Ilya Mechnikov Ilya, Iliya, Ilia, Ilja, or Ilija (russian: Илья́, Il'ja, , or russian: Илия́, Ilija, ; uk, Ілля́, Illia, ; be, Ілья́, Iĺja ) is the East Slavic form of the male Hebrew name Eliyahu (Eliahu), meaning "My God is Yahu/ Jah. ...

, pioneer researcher of

immune system The immune system is a network of biological processes that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, as well as cancer cells and objects such as wood splinte ...

probiotics Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut microbiota. Probiotics are considered generally safe to consume, but may cause bacteria-host i ...

and

phagocytosis Phagocytosis () is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. A cell that performs phagocytosis is ...

, coined the term ''

gerontology Gerontology ( ) is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of aging. The word was coined by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1903, from the Greek , ''geron'', "old man" and , ''-logia'', "study of". The fie ...

'',

Nobel Prize in Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according ...

winner *

Zhores Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich Medvedev (russian: Жоре́с Алекса́ндрович Медве́дев; 14 November 1925 – 15 November 2018) was a Russian agronomist, biologist, historian and dissident. His twin brother is the historian Roy Medv ...

, biologist *

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (russian: Иван Владимирович Мичурин) ( – June 7, 1935) was a Russian practitioner of selection to produce new types of crop plants, Honorable Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, and acade ...

, botanist *

Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay (russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Миклу́хо-Макла́й; 1846 – 1888) was a Russian Imperial explorer. He worked as an ethnologist, anthropologist and biologist who became famous as one of ...

ethnologist Ethnology (from the grc-gre, ἔθνος, meaning 'nation') is an academic field that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them (compare cultural, social, or sociocultural anthropology) ...

* Sergei Mirkin, DNA researcher *

Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov (russian: Андрей Васильевич Мартынов; 21 August 1879 – 29 January 1938) was a Russian Empire and Soviet entomologist and palaeontologist, a founder of the Russian palaeoentomological schoo ...

Mikhail Menzbier Mikhail Aleksandrovich Menzbier (Russian: Михаил Александрович Мензбир; 23 October 1855 – 10 October 1935) was a Russian ornithologist. Based in Moscow, he was a founding member of Russia's first ornithological body, ...

, major

ornithologist Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the "methodological study and consequent knowledge of birds with all that relates to them." Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and th ...

, discoverer of the

Menzbier's marmot The Menzbier's marmot (''Marmota menzbieri'') is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae from Central Asia. Its name commemorates Russian zoologist Mikhail Aleksandrovich Menzbier. Distribution and habitat It inhabits meadows and steppe at ...

Konstantin Merezhkovsky Konstantin Sergeevich Mereschkowski ( rus, Константи́н Серге́евич Мережко́вский, p=mʲɪrʲɪˈʂkofskʲɪj; – 9 January 1921) was a prominent Russian biologist and botanist, active mainly around Kazan, Tata ...

, major lichenologist, developer of

theory, a founder of

endosymbiosis An ''endosymbiont'' or ''endobiont'' is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism most often, though not always, in a mutualistic relationship. (The term endosymbiosis is from the Greek: ἔνδον ''endon'' "within" ...

theory * Ivan Michurin,

pomologist Pomology (from Latin , “fruit,” + ) is a branch of botany that studies fruit and its cultivation. The term fruticulture—introduced from Romance languages (all of whose incarnations of the term descend from Latin and )—is also used. Pomol ...

selection Selection may refer to: Science * Selection (biology), also called natural selection, selection in evolution ** Sex selection, in genetics ** Mate selection, in mating ** Sexual selection in humans, in human sexuality ** Human mating strategie ...

ist and

geneticist A geneticist is a biologist or physician who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms. A geneticist can be employed as a scientist or a lecturer. Geneticists may perform general research on genetic processe ...

, practiced crossing of geographically distant plants, created hundreds of fruit

cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...

s *

Alexander Middendorf Alexander Theodor von Middendorff (russian: Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ми́ддендорф; tr. ; 18 August 1815 – 24 January 1894) was a zoologist and explorer of Baltic German and Estonian extraction. He is known for his ex ...

, zoologist and explorer, studied the influence of permafrost on living beings, coined the term "radula", horse breeder *Victor Motschulsky, coleopterologist (researcher of beetles) *Dmitrii Mushketov, paleontologist

N

*Sergei Navashin, discovered double fertilization *Alexander Mikhailovich Nikolsky, zoologist

O

*Vladimir Obruchev, paleontologist *Sergey Ognev, for his work on mammalogy *Alexey Olovnikov, predicted existence of telomerase, suggested the telomere hypothesis of aging and the telomere relations to cancer *Aleksandr Oparin, biologist and

, proposed the "primordial soup" theory of life origin, showed that many food production processes are based on biocatalysis *Yuri Ovchinnikov (biochemist), Yuri Ovchinnikov, proponent of using

and genetics for creating new types of biological weapons

P

*Heinz Christian Pander, embryologist, discoverer of germ layers *Peter Simon Pallas, polymath naturalist and explorer, discoverer of multiple animals, including the Pallas's cat, Pallas's squirrel, and Pallas's gull *Vladimir Pasechnik,

*Ivan Pavlov, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical conditioning, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner *Alexander Petrunkevitch, eminent arachnologist of his time. Described over 130 spider species *Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, Nikolay Pirogov, founded field surgery. Was one of the first surgeons in Europe to use ether as an anaesthetic *Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky, published the first EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian brain *Yevgenia Georgievna Pobedimova, botanist and plant collector, notably in Russia, Ukraine and North Asia *Maria Prokhorova, biologist and physiologist, did a research on gas gangrene during the Eastern Front (World War II), Great Patriotic War *Nikolai Przhevalsky, explorer and naturalist, brought vast collections from Central Asia, discovered Przewalski's horse, the only extant species of wild horse

R

*Tikhon Rabotnov, made ground breaking studies in the regeneration of natural plant communities *Leonty Ramensky, studied biotic communities *Alexandr Pavlovich Rasnitsyn, paleontologist *Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky, Anatoly Rozhdestvensky, discoverer of Aralosaurus and Probactrosaurus *Vasiliy E. Ruzhentsev, paleontologist Lina_Stern

S

*Ivan Schmalhausen, developer of

*Leopold von Schrenck, ethnographer, zoologist, discovered the Amur sturgeon, Manchurian black water snake and Schrenck's bittern *Boris Schwanwitsch, entomologist, applied colour patterns of insect wings to military camouflage during World War II *Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology *Andrey Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, entomologist *Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov, paleontologist *Pyotr Shirshov, hydrobiologist, participant of many arctic expeditions including the first drifting ice station, North Pole-1, researched plankton in polar regions and proved there is life in high altitudes of the Arctic Ocean, founded and headed the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology *Victor Shmidt, zoologist, leading Russian specialist in Histology, microscopic anatomy and embryology *Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Shmuk, studied the biochemistry of tobacco *Julian Simashko, zoologist *Norair Sisakian, biochemist, one of the founders of space biology, pioneer in biochemistry of sub-cell structures and technical biochemistry *Alexey Skvortsov, botanist *Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov, paleontologist *Alexander Spirin, made significant contributions to the biochemistry of nucleic acids, and protein biosynthesis *Yaroslav Starobogatov, zoologist *Georg Wilhelm Steller, naturalist, participant of Vitus Bering's voyages, discoverer of Steller's jay, Steller's eider, extinct Steller's sea cow and multiple other animals *Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood–brain barrier and first female full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences *Vladimir Sukachev, geobotanist

T

*Armen Takhtajan, developer of Takhtajan system of flowering plant classification, major biogeographer *Valery Taliev, the founder of concept of the role of man in the spreading of plants during Holocene, geobotanist *Aleksandr Tikhomirov, zoologist *Kliment Timiryazev, plant physiologist and evolutionist, major researcher of chlorophyll *Nikolai Timofeeff-Ressovsky, major researcher of radiation genetics, population genetics, and

*Vladimir Andreevich Tranzschel, mycologist, expert on rust fungi *Lev Tsenkovsky, pioneer researcher of the ontogenesis of lower plants and animals *Mikhail Tsvet, inventor of chromatography *Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin, Mikhail Voronin, major researcher of fungi and plant pathology Nikolai Vavilov NYWTS

V

*Nikolai Vavilov, botanist and geneticist, gathered the world's largest collection of plant seeds, identified the Vavilov Center, centres of origin of main cultivated plants *Vladimir Vernadsky, founded biogeochemistry, pioneered research into the noosphere *Olga Vinogradova, accomplished neuroscientist *Sergey Vinogradsky, microbiologist, ecologist, and soil scientist, pioneered the biogeochemical cycle concept, discovered lithotrophy and chemosynthesis, invented the Winogradsky column for breeding of microorganisms *Roman Vishniac, biologist

W

*Sergei Winogradsky, microbiologist,

and soil scientist who pioneered the Biogeochemical cycle, cycle of life concept

Y

*Gennady Yakovlev,

*Ivan Yefremov, paleontologist, sci-fi author, founded taphonomy

Z

*Sviatoslav Zabelin, biologist, awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize *Sergey Zimov, creator of the Pleistocene Park *Nikolai Zograf, zoologist *Valeriy Zyuganov, formulated the concept of freshwater pearl mussel - Atlantic salmon symbiosis

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Russian Biologists Russian biologists, Soviet biologists, Lists of Russian people by occupation, Biologists Lists of biologists by nationality, Russian Lists of European scientists, Russian biologists

Alphabetical list

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See also

References