This is an overview of
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
n
early-warning radar
An early-warning radar is any radar system used primarily for the long-range detection of its targets, i.e., allowing defences to be alerted as ''early'' as possible before the intruder reaches its target, giving the air defences the maximum t ...
s for air surveillance, and related design bureaus.
NNIIRT
The
Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering
The Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (NNIIRT) is a Russian electronics company specializing in the development and manufacturing of radar equipment. It is a subsidiary of the Almaz-Antey group.
History
Founded in 1947, NNI ...
(Russian acronym: NNIIRT) has since 1948 developed a number of radars. These were mainly radars in the VHF-band, and many of which featured developments in technology that represented "first offs" in the Soviet Union. Innovations include the first Soviet air surveillance radar with a circular scan: the
P-8 Volga (NATO: KNIFE REST A) in 1950, the first
3D radar
3-D, 3D, or 3d may refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics Relating to three-dimensionality
* Three-dimensional space
** 3D computer graphics, computer graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data
** 3D film, a ...
: the 5N69 Salute (NATO: BIG BACK) in 1975, and in 1982 the first VHF-band 3D-radar: the 55Zh6 Nebo (NATO: TALL RACK). Other innovations were radars with frequency hopping; the
P-10 Volga A (NATO: KNIFE REST B) in 1953, radars with transmitter signal coherency and special features like moving target indicator (MTI); the
P-12 Yenisei (NATO: SPOON REST) in 1955 as well as the P-70 Lena-M with chirp signal modulation in 1968
or the widely used
P-18 Terek (NATO: SPOON REST D) in 1970.
NIIDAR
The Dalney Radiosvyazi NII company (Russian acronym: NIIDAR) developed a number of radars from 1949 to 1959 in co-operation with the NII-20 Lianozovo electromechanical plant. However, unlike the NNIIRT, this design bureau focused on higher frequency radars like the
P-20,
P-30, P-30M,
P-35, P-32D2 and the
P-50 (
NATO: E/F-bands). These radars have better accuracy and faster scan rates, and are thus more suited for ground control of fighter aircraft, which complement the lower frequency radars developed by the NNIIRT design bureau. NNIDAR has in recent years expanded their product range to include innovative radar designs like the Podsolnukh-E over-the-horizon (OTH) surface-wave radar and the
29B6 Konteyner.
The latter, while also being an OTH-radar, has separate locations for the transmitter and the receiver making it a
bi-static system.
VNIIRT
All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Radio Engineering (Russian acronym: VNIIRT)
*1955;
P-15 1RL13 Tropa FLAT FACE A, UHF (B/C-band),
*1970; ST-68 (19Zh6) TIN SHIELD, E-band, Fun fact: First Soviet radar with digital coherent signal processing,
*1974;
P-19 1RL134 Danube FLAT FACE B, UHF (B/C-band)
Summary
See also
*
Russian surface-to-air missile design bureaus
There are several surface-to-air missile design bureaus in Russia, including MKB Fakel, NPO Novator, and DNPP.
MKB Fakel
The MKB Fakel design bureau is located in Khimki Moscow Oblast, and was founded in 1953 under the designation OKB-2. The bu ...
References
*
Military installations of Russia
Military installations of the Soviet Union
Military radars
Radar stations
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