Russell Lincoln Ackoff (February 12, 1919 – October 29, 2009) was an American
organizational theorist
Organizational theory refers to the set of interrelated concepts that involve the sociological study of the structures and operations of formal social organizations. Organizational theory also attempts to explain how interrelated units of organiz ...
,
consultant
A consultant (from la, consultare "to deliberate") is a professional (also known as ''expert'', ''specialist'', see variations of meaning below) who provides advice and other purposeful activities in an area of specialization.
Consulting servic ...
, and Anheuser-Busch Professor Emeritus of Management Science at the
Wharton School
The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania ( ; also known as Wharton Business School, the Wharton School, Penn Wharton, and Wharton) is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania, a private Ivy League research university in P ...
,
University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn or UPenn) is a private research university in Philadelphia. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is ranked among the highest-regarded universitie ...
. Ackoff was a pioneer in the field of
operations research
Operations research ( en-GB, operational research) (U.S. Air Force Specialty Code: Operations Analysis), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of analytical methods to improve deci ...
,
systems thinking
Systems thinking is a way of making sense of the complexity of the world by looking at it in terms of wholes and relationships rather than by splitting it down into its parts. It has been used as a way of exploring and developing effective actio ...
and
management science
Management science (or managerial science) is a wide and interdisciplinary study of solving complex problems and making strategic decisions as it pertains to institutions, corporations, governments and other types of organizational entities. It is ...
.
Biography
Russell L. Ackoff was born on February 12, 1919 in Philadelphia to Jack and Fannie (Weitz) Ackoff.
[ ][''Who's Who in America'', 61st ed. (2007), p. 17.] He received his
bachelor
A bachelor is a man who is not and has never been married.Bachelors are, in Pitt & al.'s phrasing, "men who live independently, outside of their parents' home and other institutional settings, who are neither married nor cohabitating". ().
Etymo ...
degree in
architecture
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing building ...
at the
University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn or UPenn) is a private research university in Philadelphia. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is ranked among the highest-regarded universitie ...
in 1941.
After graduation, he taught at Penn for one year as an assistant instructor in
philosophy
Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...
. From 1942 to 1946, he served in the U.S. Army in the Philippines.
He returned to study at the University of Pennsylvania, where he received his
doctorate
A doctorate (from Latin ''docere'', "to teach"), doctor's degree (from Latin ''doctor'', "teacher"), or doctoral degree is an academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism ''l ...
in
philosophy of science
Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultim ...
in 1947 as
C. West Churchman
Charles West Churchman (29 August 1913 – 21 March 2004) was an American philosopher and systems scientist, who was Professor at the School of Business Administration and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of California ...
’s first doctoral student.
[Maurice Kirby and Jonathan Rosenhead (2005)]
"IFORS Operational Research Hall of Fame: Russell L. Ackoff"
In: ''Intl. Trans. in Op. Res.'' Vol 12 pp. 129–134. He also received a number of honorary
doctorate
A doctorate (from Latin ''docere'', "to teach"), doctor's degree (from Latin ''doctor'', "teacher"), or doctoral degree is an academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism ''l ...
s, from 1967 and onward.
From 1947 to 1951 Ackoff was assistant professor in
philosophy
Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...
and
mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
at the
Wayne State University
Wayne State University (WSU) is a public research university in Detroit, Michigan. It is Michigan's third-largest university. Founded in 1868, Wayne State consists of 13 schools and colleges offering approximately 350 programs to nearly 25,000 ...
. He was associate professor and professor of
operations research
Operations research ( en-GB, operational research) (U.S. Air Force Specialty Code: Operations Analysis), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of analytical methods to improve deci ...
at
Case Institute of Technology
Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) is a private research university in Cleveland, Ohio. Case Western Reserve was established in 1967, when Western Reserve University, founded in 1826 and named for its location in the Connecticut Western Res ...
from 1951 to 1964. In 1961 and 1962 he was also visiting professor of operational research at the
University of Birmingham
, mottoeng = Through efforts to heights
, established = 1825 – Birmingham School of Medicine and Surgery1836 – Birmingham Royal School of Medicine and Surgery1843 – Queen's College1875 – Mason Science College1898 – Mason Univers ...
. From 1964 to 1986 he was professor of
systems sciences and professor of
management science
Management science (or managerial science) is a wide and interdisciplinary study of solving complex problems and making strategic decisions as it pertains to institutions, corporations, governments and other types of organizational entities. It is ...
at
the Wharton School
The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania ( ; also known as Wharton Business School, the Wharton School, Penn Wharton, and Wharton) is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania, a private Ivy League research university in P ...
at the
University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn or UPenn) is a private research university in Philadelphia. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is ranked among the highest-regarded universitie ...
.
Nicholson and Myers (1998) report that, in the 1970s and 1980s, the Social Systems Sciences Program at the Wharton School was "noted for combining theory and practice, escaping disciplinary bounds, and driving students toward independent thought and action. The learning environment was fostered by distinguished standing and visiting faculty such as
Eric Trist
Eric Lansdown Trist (11 September 1909 – 4 June 1993) was an English scientist and leading figure in the field of organizational development (OD). He was one of the founders of the Tavistock Institute for Social Research in London.
Biography ...
,
C. West Churchman
Charles West Churchman (29 August 1913 – 21 March 2004) was an American philosopher and systems scientist, who was Professor at the School of Business Administration and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of California ...
,
Hasan Ozbekhan Hassan, Hasan, Hassane, Haasana, Hassaan, Asan, Hassun, Hasun, Hassen, Hasson or Hasani may refer to:
People
*Hassan (given name), Arabic given name and a list of people with that given name
*Hassan (surname), Arabic, Jewish, Irish, and Scottis ...
, Thomas A. Cowan, and
Fred Emery
Frederick Edmund Emery (27 August 1925 – 10 April 1997) was an Australian psychologist. He was one of the pioneers in the field of organizational development, particularly in the development of theory around participative work design struct ...
".
Beginning in 1979, Ackoff worked together with
John Pourdehnad as consultants in a broad range of industries including aerospace, chemicals, computer equipment, data services and software, electronics, energy, food and beverages, healthcare, hospitality, industrial equipment, automotive, insurance, metals, mining, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, utilities, and transportation.
From 1986 to 2009, Ackoff was professor emeritus of
the Wharton School
The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania ( ; also known as Wharton Business School, the Wharton School, Penn Wharton, and Wharton) is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania, a private Ivy League research university in P ...
, and chairman of Interact, the Institute for Interactive Management. From 1989 to 1995 he was visiting professor of
marketing
Marketing is the process of exploring, creating, and delivering value to meet the needs of a target market in terms of goods and services; potentially including selection of a target audience; selection of certain attributes or themes to emph ...
at
Washington University in St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis (WashU or WUSTL) is a private research university with its main campus in St. Louis County, and Clayton, Missouri. Founded in 1853, the university is named after George Washington. Washington University is r ...
.
Ackoff was president of
Operations Research Society of America
The Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) is an international society for practitioners in the fields of operations research (O.R.), management science, and analytics. It was established in 1995 with the merger o ...
(ORSA) from 1956 to 1957, and he was president of the
International Society for the Systems Sciences
The International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS) is a worldwide organization for systems sciences. The overall purpose of the ISSS is:
:"to promote the development of conceptual frameworks based on general system theory, as well as their ...
(ISSS) in 1987.
In 1965 Ackoff was elected as a
Fellow of the American Statistical Association
Like many other academic professional societies, the American Statistical Association (ASA) uses the title of Fellow of the American Statistical Association as its highest honorary grade of membership. The number of new fellows per year is limited ...
.
He was elected to the 2002 class of
Fellow
A fellow is a concept whose exact meaning depends on context.
In learned or professional societies, it refers to a privileged member who is specially elected in recognition of their work and achievements.
Within the context of higher education ...
s of the
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
The Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) is an international society for practitioners in the fields of operations research (O.R.), management science, and analytics. It was established in 1995 with the merger of ...
.
He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science at the University of Lancaster, UK in 1967. He got a Silver Medal from the Operational Research Society in 1971. Other honors came from the Washington University in St. Louis in 1993, the University of New Haven in 1997, the Pontificia Universidad Catolica Del Peru, Lima in 1999 and the University of Lincolnshire & Humberside, UK in 1999. That year from the UK Systems Society he got an Award for outstanding achievement in Systems Thinking and Practice.
Ackoff married Alexandra Makar on July 17, 1949.
The couple had three children: Alan W., Karen B., and Karla S.
After his wife's death, Ackoff married Helen Wald on December 20, 1987.
Between 2003 and 2007, Ackoff delivered an annual series of public lectures, both half-day and full-day, for which the Ackoff family has granted permission for public viewing at thi
link
Russell L. Ackoff died unexpectedly Thursday, October 29, 2009, after complications of hip replacement surgery.
Work
Throughout the years Ackoff's work in research, consulting and education has involved more than 250 corporations and 50 governmental agencies in the U.S. and abroad.
Operations research
Russell Ackoff started his career in
operations research
Operations research ( en-GB, operational research) (U.S. Air Force Specialty Code: Operations Analysis), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of analytical methods to improve deci ...
at the end of the 1940s. His 1957 book ''Introduction to Operations Research'', co-authored with
C. West Churchman
Charles West Churchman (29 August 1913 – 21 March 2004) was an American philosopher and systems scientist, who was Professor at the School of Business Administration and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of California ...
and Leonard Arnoff, was one of the first publications that helped define the field. The influence of this work, according to Kirby and Rosenhead (2005), "on the early development of the discipline in the USA and in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s is hard to over-estimate".
In the 1970s Ackoff became one of the most important critics of the so-called "technique-dominated Operations Research", and starting proposing more participative approaches. His critiques, according to Kirby and Rosenhead (2005), "had little resonance within the USA, but were picked up both in Britain, where they helped to stimulate the growth of
Problem Structuring Methods
Problem structuring methods (PSMs) are a group of techniques used to model or to map the nature or structure of a situation or state of affairs that some people want to change. PSMs are usually used by a group of people in collaboration (rather th ...
, and in the systems community world-wide",
such as
soft systems methodology Soft systems methodology (SSM) is an organised way of thinking and it can be used to tackle general problematic situations that arise in the real world and in the management of change by using action. Developed in England by academics at the Lancast ...
from
Peter Checkland
Peter Checkland (born 18 December 1930, in Birmingham, UK) is a British management scientist and emeritus professor of systems at Lancaster University. He is the developer of soft systems methodology (SSM): a methodology based on a way of syste ...
.
Purposeful systems
In 1972 Ackoff wrote a book with
Frederick Edmund Emery about purposeful systems, which focused on the question how
systems thinking
Systems thinking is a way of making sense of the complexity of the world by looking at it in terms of wholes and relationships rather than by splitting it down into its parts. It has been used as a way of exploring and developing effective actio ...
relates to
human behaviour
Human behavior is the potential and expressed capacity ( mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life. Kagan, Jerome, Marc H. Bornstein, and Richard M. ...
. "Individual systems are purposive", they said, "knowledge and understanding of their aims can only be gained by taking into account the mechanisms of social, cultural, and psychological systems".
Any human-created systems can be characterized as "purposeful system" when its "members are also purposeful individuals who intentionally and collectively formulate objectives and are parts of larger purposeful systems". Other characteristics are:
* "A purposeful system or individual is ideal-seeking if... it chooses another objective that more closely approximates its ideal".
[R.L. Ackoff et al. (2006) ''On purposeful systems: an interdisciplinary analysis of individual and ... p.241.]
* "An ideal-seeking system or individual is necessarily one that is purposeful, but not all purposeful entities seek ideals",
and
* "The capability of seeking ideals may well be a characteristic that distinguishes man from anything he can make, including computers".
According to Kirby and Rosenhead (2005), "the fact that these systems were experiencing profound change could be attributed to the end of the "Machine Age" and the onset of the "Systems Age". The Machine Age, bequeathed by the
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the period from around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going f ...
, was underpinned by two concepts –
reductionism
Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena. It is also described as an intellectual and philosophical pos ...
(everything can in the end be decomposed into indivisible parts) and
mechanism
Mechanism may refer to:
* Mechanism (engineering), rigid bodies connected by joints in order to accomplish a desired force and/or motion transmission
*Mechanism (biology), explaining how a feature is created
*Mechanism (philosophy), a theory that ...
(cause-effect relationships)".
Hereby "all phenomena were believed to be explained by using only one ultimately simple relationship, ''cause-effect''", which in the Systems Age are replaced by ''expansionism'' and ''
teleology
Teleology (from and )Partridge, Eric. 1977''Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English'' London: Routledge, p. 4187. or finalityDubray, Charles. 2020 912Teleology" In ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' 14. New York: Robert Appleton ...
'' with ''producer-product'' replacing ''cause-effect''. "''Expansionism'' is a doctrine maintaining that all objects and events, and all experiences of them, are parts of larger wholes." According to Ackoff, "the beginning of the end of the Machine Age and the beginning of the Systems Age could be dated to the 1940s, a decade when philosophers, mathematicians, and biologists, building on developments in the interwar period, defined a new intellectual framework".
f-Laws
In 2006, Ackoff worked with Herbert J. Addison and Sally Bibb. They developed the term
f-Law to describe a series of over 100 distilled observations of bad leadership and the misplaced wisdom that often surrounds management in organizations. A collection of subversive epigrams published in two volumes by
Triarchy Press', these f-Laws expose the common flaws in both the practice of leadership and in the established beliefs that surround it. According to Ackoff "f-Laws are truths about organizations that we might wish to deny or ignore – simple and more reliable guides to managers' everyday behavior than the complex truths proposed by scientists, economists, sociologists, politicians and philosophers".
White House Communications Agency
In collaboration with Dr.
J. Gerald Suarez, Ackoff's ideas were introduced and implemented at the White House Communications Agency and The White House Military Office during the
Clinton and
Bush
Bush commonly refers to:
* Shrub, a small or medium woody plant
Bush, Bushes, or the bush may also refer to:
People
* Bush (surname), including any of several people with that name
**Bush family, a prominent American family that includes:
*** ...
administrations, a historic effort to bring the White House into the age of
systems thinking
Systems thinking is a way of making sense of the complexity of the world by looking at it in terms of wholes and relationships rather than by splitting it down into its parts. It has been used as a way of exploring and developing effective actio ...
.
Relationship to Peter Drucker
Russell Ackoff was friends with
Peter Drucker
Peter Ferdinand Drucker (; ; November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) was an Austrian-American management consultant, educator, and author, whose writings contributed to the philosophical and practical foundations of the modern business co ...
from the earliest days of their careers. Mr. Drucker acknowledged the early, critical contribution Ackoff made to his work – and the world of management in general – in the following letter, which was delivered to Ackoff by former General Motors V.P. Vince Barabba on the occasion of the 3rd International Conference on Systems Thinking in Management (ICSTM) held at the University of Pennsylvania, May 19–24, 2004:
I was then, as you may recall, one of the early ones who applied Operations Research and the new methods of Quantitative Analysis to specific BUSINESS PROBLEMS—rather than, as they had been originally developed for, to military or scientific problems. I had led teams applying the new methodology in two of the world’s largest companies—GE and AT&T. We had successfully solved several major production and technical problems for these companies—and my clients were highly satisfied. But I was not—we had solved TECHNICAL problems but our work had no impact on the organizations and on their mindsets. On the contrary: we had all but convinced the managements of these two big companies that QUANTITATIVE MANIPULATION was a substitute for THINKING. And then your work and your example showed us—or at least, it showed me—that the QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS comes AFTER the THINKING—it validates the thinking; it shows up intellectual sloppiness and uncritical reliance on precedent, on untested assumptions and on the seemingly “obvious.” But it does not substitute for hard, rigorous, intellectually challenging THINKING. It demands it, though—but does not replace it. This is, of course, what YOU mean BY system. And your work in those far-away days thus saved me—as it saved countless others—from either descending into mindless “model building” – the disease that all but destroyed so many of the Business Schools in the last decades—or from sloppiness parading as ‘insight.’
Publications
Ackoff authored or co-authored 35 books and published over 150 articles in a variety of journals. Books:
* 1946, ''Psychologistics'', with
C. West Churchman
Charles West Churchman (29 August 1913 – 21 March 2004) was an American philosopher and systems scientist, who was Professor at the School of Business Administration and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of California ...
.
* 1947, ''Measurement of Consumer Interest'', with C. W. Churchman and M. Wax (ed.).
* 1950, ''Methods of Inquiry: an introduction to philosophy and scientific method'', with C. W. Churchman. Educational Publishers: St. Louis.
* 1953, ''The Design of Social Research''.
* 1957, ''Introduction to Operations Research'', with C. W. Churchman and E. L. Arnoff. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
* 1961, ''Progress in Operations Research'', I. Wiley: New York.
* 1962, ''Scientific Method: optimizing applied research decisions'', Wiley: New York.
* 1963, ''A Manager's Guide to Operations Research'', with P. Rivett. Wiley: New York.
* 1968, ''Fundamentals of Operations Research'', with M. Sasieni. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
* 1970, ''A Concept of Corporate Planning''. Wiley-Interscience: New York.
* 1972, ''On Purposeful Systems: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Individual and Social Behavior as a System of Purposeful Events'', with
Frederick Edmund Emery, Aldine-Atherton: Chicago.
* 1974, ''Redesigning the Future: A Systems Approach to Societal Problems''. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
* 1974, ''Systems and Management Annual'', (ed.).
* 1976, ''The SCATT Report'', with T. A. Cowan, Peter Davis (ed.).
* 1976, ''Some Observations and Reflections on Mexican Development''.
* 1978, ''The Art of Problem Solving: accompanied by Ackoff's Fables''. John Wiley & Sons: New York. Illustrations by Karen B. Ackoff.
* 1981, ''Creating the Corporate Future: plan or be planned for''. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
* 1984, ''A Guide to Controlling Your Corporation's Future'', with E.V. Finnel and
Jamshid Gharajedaghi.
* 1984, ''Revitalizing Western Economies'', with P. Broholm and R. Snow.
* 1986
''Management in Small Doses'' John Wiley & Sons: New York.
* 1991, ''Ackoff's Fables: Irreverent Reflections on Business and Bureaucracy''. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
* 1994, ''The Democratic Corporation: a radical prescription for recreating corporate America and rediscovering success''. Oxford Univ. Press: New York.
* 1998, ''Exploring Personality: an intellectual odyssey''. CQM: Cambridge, MA.
* 1999, ''Ackoff's Best: his classic writings on management''. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
* 1999, ''Re-Creating the Corporation: a design of organizations for the 21st century''. Oxford Univ. Press: New York.
* 2000, "A Theory of a System for Educators and Managers", with
W. Edwards Deming
William Edwards Deming (October 14, 1900 – December 20, 1993) was an American engineer, statistician, professor, author, lecturer, and management consultant. Educated initially as an electrical engineer and later specializing in mathematical ...
* 2003, ''Redesigning Society'', with Sheldon Rovin. Stanford Univ. Press: Stanford, Calif.
* 2005, ''Beating the System'', with Sheldon Rovin. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
* 2006, ''Idealized Design: How to Dissolve Tomorrow's Crisis Today'', with Jason Magidson and Herbert J. Addison. Wharton School Publishing. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
* 2006,
A Little Book of f-Laws', with Herbert J. Addison and Sally Bibb. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
* 2007,
Management f-Laws', with Herbert J. Addison and Sally Bibb. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
* 2008
''Turning Learning Right Side Up: Putting Education Back on Track (pdf)''with
Daniel Greenberg.
* 2010,
Memories'. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
* 2010,
'. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
* 2012,
'. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
Articles, a selection
* 1967.
Management Misinformation Systems. In: ''Management Science'', 14(4), 1967, 147–156.
* 1968, "General Systems Theory and Systems Research Contrasting Conceptions of Systems Science." in: Views on a General Systems Theory: Proceedings from the Second System Symposium, Mihajlo D. Mesarovic (Ed.).
* 1971
''Towards A System of Systems Concepts''
* 1973
"Science in the Systems Age: Beyond IE, OR, and MS" ''Operations Research'' 21(3), pp. 661–671. Reprinted as "Science in the Systems Age" in ''Wharton Quarterly'' 1973. 7 (2); pp. 8–13.
* 1974
"The Social Responsibility of Operational Research"''Operational Research Quarterly'' 25 (3), pp. 361–371.
* 1975, "Advertising Research at Anheuser-Busch, Inc. (1963-68)", with James R. Emshoff, ''Sloan Management Review'', 16 (2), pp. 1–15.
* 1975, "A Reply to the Comments of Yvan Allaire", with James R. Emshoff, ''Sloan Management Review'', 16 (3), pp. 95–98.
*1977
''The Wharton Magazine'', Winter, pp. 36–41.
* 1996
''On Learning and Systems That Facilitate it'' in: ''Center for Quality of Management Journal'' Vol. 5, No.2.
* 1998
''A Systemic View of Transformational Leadership''* 2003
''Terrorism: A Systemic View'' with Johan P. Strumpfer, in: ''Systems Research and Behavioral Science'' 20, pp. 287–294.
* 2004
''Transforming The Systems Movement''* 2006
''A major mistake that managers make''
Some Ackoff center blogs:
* 2006
Thinking about the future* 2006
''Why few organizations adopt systems thinking''in: ''Systems Research and Behavioral Science''. 23, pp. 705–708.
Podcast:
* 2005
''Doing the Wrong Thing Right''by Russell Ackoff, October 2005.
[Progra]
, American Architecture Foundation.
References
External links
Ackoff Center Webloga forum for systems thinkers and systems thinking.
ackoff.villanova.eduBiography of Russell L. Ackofffrom the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ackoff, Russell L.
1919 births
2009 deaths
American business theorists
Case Western Reserve University faculty
American operations researchers
Management & Organization scholars
Wayne State University faculty
University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
United States Army personnel of World War II
American expatriates in the Philippines
Presidents of the International Society for the Systems Sciences