A rushlight is a type of candle or miniature torch formed by soaking the dried pith of the rush plant in fat or grease. For several centuries, rushlights were a common source of artificial light for poor people throughout the British Isles. They were extremely inexpensive to make. English essayist William Cobbett wrote, "This rushlight cost almost nothing to produce and was believed to give a better light than some poorly dipped candles." One of the earliest printed descriptions of rushlights was written by English antiquary John Aubrey in 1673. Rev. Gilbert White gave a detailed description of rushlight making in '' The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne'', Letter XXVI (1789). Rushlights were still used in rural England to the end of the 19th century, and they had a temporary revival during World War II. In parts of Wales the use of rushlights continued into the middle of the 20th century. It is not clear whether rushlights were ever popular in the United States and Canada. Antique rushlight holders are occasionally found in North America, but most were probably imported from England; "none are known to bear the mark of an American smith." In New England, "rushlights were used little if at all in colonial days." Rushlights should not be confused with rush-candles. A rush-candle is an ordinary candle (a block or cylinder of tallow or wax) that uses a piece of rush as a wick. Rushlights, by contrast, are strips of plant fibre impregnated with tallow or grease. The wick is not separate from the fuel in a rushlight.

Preparation

Mature rush stalks are gathered in summer or autumn. The green

epidermis The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and regulates the amount of water rele ...

or rind of each stalk is carefully peeled off to reveal the inner pith, but a single lengthwise strip of rind is left in place to provide support for the fragile pith. After drying, the rush is then steeped in any available household fat or grease. Bacon grease was commonly used, but mutton fat was considered best by some, partly because it dried to a harder, less messy texture than other fats. A small amount of beeswax added to the grease would cause the rush to burn longer. On more remote Atlantic islands such as St Kilda the

stomach oil Stomach oil is the light oil composed of neutral dietary lipids found in the proventriculus (fore-gut) of birds in the order Procellariiformes. All albatrosses, procellarids (gadfly petrels and shearwaters) and northern and austral storm petrel ...

produced by fulmars was used.

Duration and quality of light

Sources give varying accounts of the length and burn-time of the average rushlight. ''The book of trades, or Library of the useful arts'' indicates that the average rushlight was 12 inches (30 cm) long and burned for 10 to 15 minutes. Gilbert White reported that a rushlight 28.5 inches (72 cm) in length burned for 57 minutes; he wrote, "these rushes give a good clear light." There was much variation in the quality of rushlights; a 19th-century writer observed that "one might very well flicker and splutter for an hour, whilst a second was just as likely to flame away in ten minutes." A differently made rushlight in which two strips of the rind were left on the rush before it was coated with tallow produced a dimmer light but burned much longer. White referred to these as "watchlights".

Fixtures

The burning rushlight was normally held by metal clips at an angle of about 45 degrees. If the rush is held vertically, it tends to have a dimmer flame. If held horizontally, it may burn too quickly. However, there were some devices designed to keep the burning rush in a vertical position, including nightlights made from cylinders of tin or sheet-iron perforated with holes that would allow the light to shine out. The rushlight holder was usually mounted on an iron tripod or a wooden block. Antique rushlight holders are now collectors' items. They were never mass-produced but were individually made by local craftsmen and blacksmiths.

In literature and culture

One of Aesop's Fables, known in English as "the farthing rushlight" or "the vain rushlight," describes a personified rushlight bragging that it is more brilliant than the sun, moon, and stars. The rushlight is then blown out by a slight breeze. The person who re-lights the rushlight advises it to be more humble. Some versions of the Greek myth of Prometheus mention that Prometheus brought fire to men in a rushlight. In

Shakespeare's William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's natio ...

'' The Taming of the Shrew,'' at the beginning of Act IV, Scene V, Katherina mentions a "rush-candle". Anne Brontë mentions a rushlight in the end of chapter XXXIII of '' The Tenant of Wildfell Hall''. Her sister, Charlotte Brontë, twice describes the children at Lowood Institute dressing by rushlight in the early morning in '' Jane Eyre'' (once about a third of the way into chapter 5, and again at the beginning of chapter 6). Washington Irving mentions a "farthing rushlight" in the short story "The Boar's Head Tavern, Eastcheap", which is part of '' The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.'' It also features as a cheap nightlight in his ghost story "Dolph Heyliger", in which the protagonist spends the night in a haunted house with nothing but a rushlight to illuminate a dilapidated room: "The rushlight, which stood in the centre of the deal table, shed a feeble yellow ray, dimly illumining the chamber, and making uncouth shapes and shadows on the walls, from the clothes which Dolph had thrown over a chair." Ken Follett mentions rushlights numerous times in The Pillars of the Earth, as in "there might be a few people sitting up late, drinking ale by the glow of the fire or sewing by rushlights" in chapter four. Pip spends a night staring at a nightlight in chapter XLV of Charles Dickens' ''

Great Expectations ''Great Expectations'' is the thirteenth novel by Charles Dickens and his penultimate completed novel. It depicts the education of an orphan nicknamed Pip (Great Expectations), Pip (the book is a ''bildungsroman''; a coming-of-age story). It ...

''. "Camilla have five pound fur to buy rushlights to put her in spirits when she wake up in the night." – Chapter LVII of Charles Dickens's ''

''. Several magazines are named after rushlights. ''Rushlight'' is a literary and visual arts journal founded in 1855 by Lucy Larcom and published by Wheaton College (Massachusetts). ''The Rushlight'' is a quarterly newsletter of the International Association of Collectors and Students of Historic Lighting. ''Rushlight (The Belfast Magazine)'' is a journal of Belfast history and folklore founded by Joe Graham. The name ''Rushlite'' was used during and for a while after World War II as a trademark of J. V. Rushton of Wolverhampton. "During the war Mr Rushton started to sell his own Rushlite Batteries through Halfords shop."

Ezra Pound Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, and a Fascism, fascist collaborator in Italy during World War II. His works ...

references rushlights at the end of Canto CXVI, the last of '' The Cantos'' that he completed: The hymn "All things bright and beautiful" 4th verse "The rushes by the water we gather every day" https://www.musicanet.org/robokopp/eire/allthing.htm

Preparation

Duration and quality of light

Fixtures

In literature and culture

See also

References

Further reading