Rhun ab Arthgal was a ninth-century
King of Strathclyde
The list of the kings of Strathclyde concerns the kings of Alt Clut, later Strathclyde, a Brythonic kingdom in what is now western Scotland.
The kingdom was ruled from Dumbarton Rock, ''Alt Clut'', the Brythonic name of the rock, until around ...
. He is the only known son of
Arthgal ap Dyfnwal
Arthgal ap Dyfnwal (died 872) was a ninth-century King of Alt Clut. He descended from a long line of rulers of the British Kingdom of Alt Clut. Either he or his father, Dyfnwal ap Rhydderch, King of Alt Clut, may have reigned when the Britons ...
, King of Alt Clut. In 870, during the latter's reign, the fortress of
Alt Clut
Dumbarton Castle ( gd, Dùn Breatainn, ; ) has the longest recorded history of any stronghold in Scotland. It sits on a volcanic plug of basalt known as Dumbarton Rock which is high and overlooks the Scottish town of Dumbarton.
History
Dumba ...
was captured by
Vikings
Vikings ; non, víkingr is the modern name given to seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway and Sweden),
who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded and se ...
, after which Arthgal and his family may have been amongst the mass of prisoners taken back to Ireland. Two years later Arthgal is recorded to have been slain at the behest of
Causantín mac Cináeda, King of the Picts
Constantine ( or ; Latin: ''Cōnstantīnus'', Greek: , ''Kōnstantînos'') is a masculine and feminine (in French for example) given name and surname which is derived from the Latin name ''Constantinus'', a hypocoristic of the first names Constans ...
. The circumstances surrounding this regicide are unknown. The fact that Rhun seems to have been Causantín's brother-in-law could account for Causantín's interference in the
kingship of Alt Clut
The list of the kings of Strathclyde concerns the kings of Alt Clut, later Strathclyde, a Brythonic kingdom in what is now western Scotland.
The kingdom was ruled from Dumbarton Rock, ''Alt Clut'', the Brythonic name of the rock, until around 8 ...
.
The Viking destruction of the capital fortress of the
Kingdom of Alt Clut
Strathclyde (lit. "Strath of the River Clyde", and Strað-Clota in Old English), was a Brittonic successor state of the Roman Empire and one of the early medieval kingdoms of the Britons, located in the region the Welsh tribes referred to as Yr ...
appears to have brought about a reorientation of the kingdom towards the valley of the
River Clyde
The River Clyde ( gd, Abhainn Chluaidh, , sco, Clyde Watter, or ) is a river that flows into the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. It is the ninth-longest river in the United Kingdom, and the third-longest in Scotland. It runs through the major cit ...
. In consequence, the realm came to be known as the
Kingdom of Strathclyde
Strathclyde (lit. "Strath of the River Clyde", and Strað-Clota in Old English), was a Brittonic successor state of the Roman Empire and one of the early medieval kingdoms of the Britons, located in the region the Welsh tribes referred to as Yr ...
. Either Rhun or his father could have been the first kings of Strathclyde. In the years following the fall of Alt Clut, Rhun's realm may have endured periods of Pictish and Viking overlordship. Despite his kinship with the Pictish king, there is reason to suspect that the two clashed at some point.
It is unknown when Rhun's reign came to an end or when he died. One possibility is that he fell with Causantín, who seems to have been killed warring against the Vikings in 876. Certainly, Rhun's son,
Eochaid
Eochaid or Eochaidh (earlier Eochu or Eocho, sometimes Anglicised as Eochy, Achaius (disambiguation), Achaius or Haughey) is a popular medieval Irish language, Irish and Scottish Gaelic name deriving from Old Irish ''ech'', horse, borne by a variet ...
, is recorded to have succeeded Causantín's successor,
Áed mac Cináeda
Áed mac Cináeda ( Modern Scottish Gaelic: ''Aodh mac Choinnich''; ; Anglicized: Hugh; died 878) was a son of Cináed mac Ailpín. He became king of the Picts in 877, when he succeeded his brother Constantín mac Cináeda. He was nicknamed Áe ...
, King of the Picts, after 878. Whether Eochaid's succession reflects the end of Eochaid's reign and life is unknown.
Family
![Rhun ab Arthgal (map)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Rhun_ab_Arthgal_%28map%29.png)
Rhun's patrilineal ancestry is evidenced by a pedigree preserved within a collection of tenth-century Welsh genealogical material known as the ''
Harleian genealogies
__NOTOC__
The Harleian genealogies are a collection of Old Welsh genealogies preserved in British Library, Harley MS 3859. Part of the Harleian Library, the manuscript, which also contains the ''Annales Cambriae'' (Recension A) and a version of th ...
''. According to this source, Rhun was a son of
Arthgal ap Dyfnwal, King of Alt Clut
Arthgal ap Dyfnwal (died 872) was a ninth-century King of Alt Clut. He descended from a long line of rulers of the British Kingdom of Alt Clut. Either he or his father, Dyfnwal ap Rhydderch, King of Alt Clut, may have reigned when the Britons ...
, and descended from a long line of
kings of Alt Clut
The list of the kings of Strathclyde concerns the kings of Alt Clut, later Strathclyde, a Brythonic kingdom in what is now western Scotland.
The kingdom was ruled from Dumbarton Rock, ''Alt Clut'', the Brythonic name of the rock, until around ...
. Rhun is Arthgal's only known son.
In about 849, the ninth- to twelfth-century ''
Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
The ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'', or ''Scottish Chronicle'', is a short written chronicle of the Kings of Alba, covering the period from the time of Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín) (d. 858) until the reign of Kenneth II (Cináed mac ...
'' reports that Britons burned
Dunblane
Dunblane (, gd, Dùn Bhlàthain) is a small town in the council area of Stirling in central Scotland, and inside the historic boundaries of the county of Perthshire. It is a commuter town, with many residents making use of good transport links ...
, an ecclesiastical centre seated on the southern Pictish border. This attack took place during the reign of
Cináed mac Ailpín, King of the Picts
Kenneth MacAlpin ( mga, Cináed mac Ailpin, label=Medieval Gaelic, gd, Coinneach mac Ailpein, label=Modern Scottish Gaelic; 810 – 13 February 858) or Kenneth I was King of Dál Riada (841–850), King of the Picts (843–858), and the King ...
, and may have been overseen by either Arthgal or his father,
Dyfnwal ap Rhydderch. The razing of Dunblane could be evidence that the Kingdom of Alt Clut was in the process of extending its authority at the expense of the Pictish regime. If so, the British kings would appear to have seized upon the chaos wrought by contemporaneous Viking attacks upon the Picts.
![Causantín mac Cináeda (Lat](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda_%28Lat._4126%2C_folio_29v%29.jpg)
According to the ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'', Rhun was married to a daughter of Cináed. This alliance may have been contracted between the Britons and Picts as a way of repairing international relations following the attack on Dunblane in 849. Rhun is the last listed king in the Harleian pedigree. This could indicate that the genealogy was originally compiled during his
floruit
''Floruit'' (; abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for "they flourished") denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indicatin ...
—perhaps at the time of his marriage to his
Alpínid wife, or upon the outset of his reign as king. According to the ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'', a product of the marriage was a son named
Eochaid
Eochaid or Eochaidh (earlier Eochu or Eocho, sometimes Anglicised as Eochy, Achaius (disambiguation), Achaius or Haughey) is a popular medieval Irish language, Irish and Scottish Gaelic name deriving from Old Irish ''ech'', horse, borne by a variet ...
. The twelfth-century ''
Prophecy of Berchán
In religion, a prophecy is a message that has been communicated to a person (typically called a ''prophet'') by a supernatural entity. Prophecies are a feature of many cultures and belief systems and usually contain divine will or law, or prete ...
'' describes Eochaid as "the son of the woman from Dún Guaire". The fact that ninth-century ''
Historia Brittonum
''The History of the Britons'' ( la, Historia Brittonum) is a purported history of the indigenous British (Brittonic) people that was written around 828 and survives in numerous recensions that date from after the 11th century. The ''Historia Bri ...
'' identifies
Bamburgh
Bamburgh ( ) is a village and civil parish on the coast of Northumberland, England. It had a population of 454 in 2001, decreasing to 414 at the 2011 census.
The village is notable for the nearby Bamburgh Castle, a castle which was the seat of ...
as Din Guoaroy could indicate that Dún Guaire too refers to Bamburgh. Another possibility is that Dún Guaire refers to one of two similarly-named sites in the
Hebrides
The Hebrides (; gd, Innse Gall, ; non, Suðreyjar, "southern isles") are an archipelago off the west coast of the Scottish mainland. The islands fall into two main groups, based on their proximity to the mainland: the Inner and Outer Hebrid ...
(on
Mull
Mull may refer to:
Places
*Isle of Mull, a Scottish island in the Inner Hebrides
**Sound of Mull, between the Isle of Mull and the rest of Scotland
* Mount Mull, Antarctica
*Mull Hill, Isle of Man
* Mull, Arkansas, a place along Arkansas Highway ...
and
Islay
Islay ( ; gd, Ìle, sco, Ila) is the southernmost island of the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Known as "The Queen of the Hebrides", it lies in Argyll just south west of Jura, Scotland, Jura and around north of the Northern Irish coast. The isl ...
), In any event, the association of Rhun's wife with the fort could be evidence that she had been previously married.
King of Alt Clut
![Dumbarton Castle, 27 July 2006](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Dumbarton_Castle%2C_27_July_2006.jpg)
In 870, during the reign of Rhun's father, the fortress of
Alt Clut
Dumbarton Castle ( gd, Dùn Breatainn, ; ) has the longest recorded history of any stronghold in Scotland. It sits on a volcanic plug of basalt known as Dumbarton Rock which is high and overlooks the Scottish town of Dumbarton.
History
Dumba ...
was
captured and destroyed by the insular Scandinavian kings
Amlaíb
Olaf or Olav (, , or British ; Old Norse: ''Áleifr'', ''Ólafr'', ''Óleifr'', ''Anleifr'') is a Scandinavian and German given name. It is presumably of Proto-Norse origin, reconstructed as ''*Anu-laibaz'', from ''anu'' "ancestor, grand-father" a ...
and
Ímar
Ímar ( non, Ívarr ; died c. 873), who may be synonymous with Ivar the Boneless, was a Viking leader in Ireland and Scotland in the mid-late ninth century who founded the Uí Ímair dynasty, and whose descendants would go on to dominate the Iri ...
, following a naval blockade of four months. In the following year, the twelfth-century ''
Chronicon Scotorum
''Chronicon Scotorum'', also known as ''Chronicum Scotorum'', is a medieval Irish chronicle.
Overview
According to Nollaig Ó Muraíle, it is "a collection of annals belonging to the ' Clonmacnoise group', covering the period from prehistoric tim ...
'', the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century ''
Annals of Ulster
The ''Annals of Ulster'' ( ga, Annála Uladh) are annals of medieval Ireland. The entries span the years from 431 AD to 1540 AD. The entries up to 1489 AD were compiled in the late 15th century by the scribe Ruaidhrí Ó Luinín, ...
'', and the eleventh-century ''
Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
The ''Fragmentary Annals of Ireland'' or ''Three Fragments'' are a Middle Irish combination of chronicles from various Irish annals and narrative history. They were compiled in the kingdom of Osraige, probably in the lifetime of Donnchad mac Gilla ...
'' reveal that Amlaíb and Ímar returned to Ireland with a fleet of two hundred ships, and a mass of captives composed of English, Britons, and Picts. The exportation of these people to Ireland is also attested by ''
Annales Xantenses
The ''Annales Xantenses'' or ''Annals of Xanten'' are a series of annals which adapt and continue the Royal Frankish Annals. Their first editor, Georg Pertz, thought they were perhaps written at the monastery at Xanten, hence their name. However, ...
'', a ninth-century German source. The captives could have been meant for ransom, or may have been intended for the
Dublin slave market
Slavery had already existed in Ireland for centuries by the time the Vikings began to establish their coastal settlements, but it was under the Norse-Gael Kingdom of Dublin that it reached its peak, in the 11th century.
History
Gaelic Ireland
...
. It is possible that Arthgal and his family were amongst those imprisoned.
![Amlaíb and Ímar (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489, folio 25v)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Amla%C3%ADb_and_%C3%8Dmar_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_489%2C_folio_25v%29.jpg)
Arthgal died in 872. The ''Annals of Ulster'' and ''Chronicon Scotorum'' reveal that he was slain at the behest of
Causantín mac Cináeda, King of the Picts
Constantine ( or ; Latin: ''Cōnstantīnus'', Greek: , ''Kōnstantînos'') is a masculine and feminine (in French for example) given name and surname which is derived from the Latin name ''Constantinus'', a hypocoristic of the first names Constans ...
. If Rhun succeeded Arthgal—as seems likely—it is uncertain how long he outlived him. Although the circumstances surrounding Arthgal's assassination are unknown, the familial relationship between Causantín and Rhun could be evidence that Arthgal's demise was orchestrated to allow Rhun to gain the throne. One possibility is that Rhun had been exiled from his father's realm, and had been living at the Pictish royal court when his father's realm was overcome by Amlaíb and Ímar.
[ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 18.] This could mean that Causantín acted to offset any rival Rhun had in regard to the British kingship. Conversely, if there was no strife between Rhun and Arthgal, Causantín's actions against the latter may have been carried out in the context of an intrusive and aggressive neighbour.
Arthgal's elimination may have been carried out in the context of an attempt by Causantín to capitalise upon the political turmoil wrought by the Viking onslaught.
![Govan cross 4](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Govan_cross_4.jpg)
Another possibility is that, following the conquest of Alt Clut, Arthgal ruled as a
puppet king
A puppet monarch is a majority figurehead who is installed or patronized by an imperial power to provide the appearance of local authority but to allow political and economic control to remain among the dominating nation.
A figurehead monarch ...
under Amlaíb and Ímar. Certainly, the Vikings utilised royal puppets in the conquered kingdoms of
Northumbria
la, Regnum Northanhymbrorum
, conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Northumbria
, common_name = Northumbria
, status = State
, status_text = Unified Anglian kingdom (before 876)North: Anglian kingdom (af ...
and
East Anglia
East Anglia is an area in the East of England, often defined as including the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the East Angles, a people whose name originated in Anglia, in ...
. If so, it could explain Causantín's role in Arthgal's demise, and could explain why his brother-in-law (or future brother-in-law) eventually succeeded to the throne. In any event, Arthgal's elimination at Causantín's instigation would appear to have rid the latter of a neighbouring adversary, and would have also increased his own authority and reputation.
Although the Harleian pedigree identifies the listed rulers as those of the Kingdom of Alt Clut, it is apparent that one aftereffect of the destruction of the eponymous fortress was that the capital of the realm shifted up the
River Clyde
The River Clyde ( gd, Abhainn Chluaidh, , sco, Clyde Watter, or ) is a river that flows into the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. It is the ninth-longest river in the United Kingdom, and the third-longest in Scotland. It runs through the major cit ...
to the vicinity of
Govan
Govan ( ; Cumbric?: ''Gwovan'?''; Scots: ''Gouan''; Scottish Gaelic: ''Baile a' Ghobhainn'') is a district, parish, and former burgh now part of south-west City of Glasgow, Scotland. It is situated west of Glasgow city centre, on the south ba ...
and
Partick
Partick ( sco, Pairtick, Scottish Gaelic: ''Partaig'') is an area of Glasgow on the north bank of the River Clyde, just across from Govan. To the west lies Whiteinch, to the east Yorkhill and Kelvingrove Park (across the River Kelvin), and to t ...
. Whilst Govan—seated on the Southern bank of the River Clyde—appears to have been utilised by Arthgal and Rhun's eighth-century predecessors, Partick—situated on the Northern bank—could well have been used at least a century earlier.
The relocation is partly exemplified by a shift in royal terminology. Until the fall of Alt Clut, for example, the rulers of the realm were styled after the fortress; whereas following the loss of this site, the Kingdom of Alt Clut came to be known as the
Kingdom of Strathclyde
Strathclyde (lit. "Strath of the River Clyde", and Strað-Clota in Old English), was a Brittonic successor state of the Roman Empire and one of the early medieval kingdoms of the Britons, located in the region the Welsh tribes referred to as Yr ...
in consequence of its reorientation towards Ystrat Clut (Strathclyde), the valley of the River Clyde. Arthgal himself is styled King of the Strathclyde Britons upon his death in 872—the first use of this terminology by Irish sources. Although it is possible that Arthgal ultimately met his end in Ireland at the hands of his Viking captors, this title could instead be evidence that he had briefly ruled the new Kingdom of Strathclyde.
Either he or Rhun could have been the first monarch to rule this reconstructed realm.
King of Strathclyde
![Arthgal ap Dyfnwal (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489, folio 25v)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Arthgal_ap_Dyfnwal_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_489%2C_folio_25v%29.jpg)
Rhun's reign probably commenced not long after his father's death, in 872. The ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'' identifies Rhun as ("king of the Britons"). Hostility between Rhun and his brother-in-law may be evidenced by the ''Prophecy of Berchán''.
[ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 21; Clarkson (2010) ch. 8 ¶ 22.] According to this source, Causantín won four victories over his enemies. Whilst the first three victories are stated to have been won against Vikings, the fourth is described as that of —a location possibly identical to
Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
—where he overcame the "king of the Britons of the green mantles". Although it is possible that the unnamed king in question was Arthgal—which could in turn cast light upon this man's demise—another possibility is that the prophecy refers to Rhun himself. If Rhun is indeed the prophecy's mantled monarch, his conflict with Causantín may have occurred in the aftermath of his father's demise, and may have been undertaken in an attempt to ensure his kingdom's independence from Pictish overlordship.
![Hálfdan (British Library Cotton MS Tiberius B I, folio 131v)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/H%C3%A1lfdan_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_B_I%2C_folio_131v%29.jpg)
If a garbled passage preserved by the ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'' is to be believed, Amlaíb was killed by Causantín in 872/874/875, whilst in the midst of extracting tribute from the Picts. Upon Ímar's death in 873, the ''Annals of Ulster'' styles him "king of the Northmen of all Ireland and Britain", a title that may partly exemplify Viking overlordship of regions inhabited by the Picts, Strathclyde Britons, and the Welsh. In 875, seemingly during Rhun's reign, the ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'' reports that the Picts suffered a devastating loss to insular Scandinavians at Dollar after which the invaders are said to have occupied the vicinity for one year. This Viking conquest—seemingly corroborated by the ''Annals of Ulster''—may be related to the campaigns of
Hálfdan against the Picts and Strathclyde Britons in 875/876, as recorded by the ninth- to twelfth-century ''
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' is a collection of annals in Old English, chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The original manuscript of the ''Chronicle'' was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alf ...
''. This northern campaigning by Hálfdan could have been conducted in the context of the insular Scandinavians not only avenging Amlaíb's killing but of regaining Ímar's authority in the region. At any rate, these clashes with the Britons seem to show that the Kingdom of Strathclyde was not permanently subjected.
Death and succession
![Eochaid, son of Rhun (Lat](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Eochaid%2C_son_of_Rhun_%28Lat._4126%2C_folio_29r%29.jpg)
It is uncertain when Rhun's reign and life ended. One possibility is that Rhun died in 876, when Causantín seems to have been slain by Vikings. Causantín's death is dated to 876 by the ''Annals of Ulster''. The ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'' appears to locate his fall in
Atholl
Atholl or Athole ( gd, Athall; Old Gaelic ''Athfhotla'') is a large historical division in the Scottish Highlands, bordering (in anti-clockwise order, from Northeast) Marr, Badenoch, Lochaber, Breadalbane, Strathearn, Perth, and Gowrie. Histor ...
, whilst several king-lists locate his demise to a place variously called , an otherwise uncertain location that could refer to Inverdovat in
Fife
Fife (, ; gd, Fìobha, ; sco, Fife) is a council area, historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries with Perth and Kinross (i ...
. If Causantín indeed enjoyed overlordship of Strathclyde at this date, Rhun could have fallen alongside him as a supporting vassal. It is likewise unknown who succeeded to the kingship of Strathclyde. If Rhun and Causantín both died in 876, Eochaid could well have inherited the British kingship in their absence. Certainly, Causantín's brother,
Áed mac Cináeda
Áed mac Cináeda ( Modern Scottish Gaelic: ''Aodh mac Choinnich''; ; Anglicized: Hugh; died 878) was a son of Cináed mac Ailpín. He became king of the Picts in 877, when he succeeded his brother Constantín mac Cináeda. He was nicknamed Áe ...
, succeeded as
King of the Picts
The list of kings of the Picts is based on the Pictish Chronicle king lists. These are late documents and do not record the dates when the kings reigned. The various surviving lists disagree in places as to the names of kings, and the lengths o ...
, and ruled as such upon his death two years later. Whilst it is possible that the Pictish kingship was then assumed by a certain
Giric
Giric mac Dúngail ( Modern Gaelic: ''Griogair mac Dhunghail''; fl. c. 878–889), known in English simply as Giric and nicknamed Mac Rath ("Son of Fortune"), was a king of the Picts or the king of Alba. The Irish annals record nothing of G ...
, another possibility is that Eochaid succeeded to the throne.
[ Clarkson (2014) ch. 3 ¶ 24.]
If the ''Prophecy of Berchán'' is to be believed, Eochaid ruled as king until he was expelled and replaced by Giric. The ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'', however, states that Eochaid and Giric shared the kingship between themselves, and that Giric was the ("foster-father" or "foster-son") and ("governor" or "king-maker") of the former, before both men were expelled from office. One possibility is that Giric indeed succeeded Áed, and that Eochaid succeeded Rhun.
Another possibility is that Giric and Eochaid jointly succeeded Áed, with Giric holding a more senior position (as the ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'' appears to evince). Whilst Eochaid's maternal Alpínid ancestry could well have ensured him a claim to the Pictish throne,
the ancestry of Giric is uncertain. Another son of Rhun could have been
Dyfnwal, who ruled the Kingdom of Strathclyde into the second decade of the tenth century.
[ Clarkson (2014) ch. genealogical tables; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, 9 ¶ 4; Broun (2004c) p. 135 tab.]
Ancestry
Notes
Citations
References
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhun Ab Arthgal
9th-century Scottish monarchs
Monarchs of Strathclyde
Year of death uncertain