Rumana ( ar, رمانة; he, רֻמָּנָה, רומאנה) is an
Arab
The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, ...
village in northern Israel. Located near
Nazareth, it falls under the jurisdiction of
al-Batuf Regional Council
Al-Batuf Regional Council ( ar, البطوف, he, מועצה אזורית אל-בטוף, ''Mo'atza Azorit al-Batuf'') is a regional council located on the southern fringe of the Beit Netofa Valley North of Nazareth within the Northern District ...
. In its population was .
History
The
Palestine Exploration Fund's ''Survey of Western Palestine'' found
cisterns and rock-cut caves, and traces of ancient remains at this village.
Sherds ascribed to the
Early Bronze Age I and the Intermediate Bronze Age have been found, as well as a cluster of sherds from the
Iron Age II
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age ( Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and the Bronze Age (Chalcolithic). The concept has been mostly a ...
(tenth–eighth centuries BCE). A building with sherds from the Iron Age II and the
Persian
Persian may refer to:
* People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language
** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples
** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
era have also been excavated.
[Feig, 2016]
Rumana
/ref>
Graves dating to the Persian
Persian may refer to:
* People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language
** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples
** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
era and remains of an architectural complex from the Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
era (first–third centuries CE) have been excavated here.
It has been suggested that Rumana was ''Romette'', a casuale belonging to the Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was headq ...
s in the Crusader era
The Crusader States, also known as Outremer, were four Catholic realms in the Middle East that lasted from 1098 to 1291. These feudal polities were created by the Latin Catholic leaders of the First Crusade through conquest and political in ...
.
A small number of remains from the Mamluk
Mamluk ( ar, مملوك, mamlūk (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural), translated as "one who is owned", meaning " slave", also transliterated as ''Mameluke'', ''mamluq'', ''mamluke'', ''mameluk'', ''mameluke'', ''mamaluke'', or ''marmeluke'') ...
era has also been found.[
]
Ottoman era
Rumana, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
in 1517, and in the census
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating information about the members of a given population. This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses in ...
of 1596, the village was located in the ''nahiya
A nāḥiyah ( ar, , plural ''nawāḥī'' ), also nahiya or nahia, is a regional or local type of administrative division that usually consists of a number of villages or sometimes smaller towns. In Tajikistan, it is a second-level division w ...
'' of Tabariyya
Tiberias ( ; he, טְבֶרְיָה, ; ar, طبريا, Ṭabariyyā) is an Israeli city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. A major Jewish center during Late Antiquity, it has been considered since the 16th century one of Judaism's Fou ...
in the '' liwa'' of Safad
Safed (known in Hebrew as Tzfat; Sephardic Hebrew & Modern Hebrew: צְפַת ''Tsfat'', Ashkenazi Hebrew: ''Tzfas'', Biblical Hebrew: ''Ṣǝp̄aṯ''; ar, صفد, ''Ṣafad''), is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an eleva ...
. It had a population of 9 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid taxes on wheat, barley, fruit trees, cotton, goats and beehives. Pierre Jacotin
Pierre Jacotin (1765–1827) was the director of the survey for the '' Carte de l'Égypte (Description de l'Égypte)'', the first triangulation-based map of Egypt, Syria and Palestine.
The maps were surveyed in 1799-1800 during the campaign in E ...
called the village ''Roumani'' on his map in 1799.
Biblical scholar Edward Robinson passed by the village in 1852, and assumed it was the ancient Rimmon
__NOTOC__
Rimmon ( he, רִמּוֹן, ''Rīmmōn'') or Remmon ( grc-gre, Ρεμμων, ''Remmōn'') is a name in the Hebrew Bible meaning " pomegranate".
Place-names
Rimmon may refer to:
* One of the "uttermost cities" of Judah, afterwards g ...
of the Tribe of Zebulun
According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Zebulun (alternatively rendered as ''Zabulon, Zabulin, Zabulun, Zebulon''; ) was one of the twelve tribes of Israel.
Following the completion of the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes in the Bo ...
. French explorer Victor Guérin
Victor Guérin (15 September 1821 – 21 Septembe 1890) was a French intellectual, explorer and amateur archaeologist. He published books describing the geography, archeology and history of the areas he explored, which included Greece, Asia Min ...
described the village in the 1870s as being small, and protected from the outside by a continuous wall, and hedges of cactus. He also found many fine remains from former times and also speculates that it might be the Biblical site of Rimon, which is mentioned in the Book of Joshua. (Joshua 19:13) In Palestine Exploration Fund's 1881 ''Survey of Western Palestine'', the village (called Rummaneh) was described as: A small village built of stone, and containing about 70 Moslems. It is situated on a low ridge above the plain, and there are a few olive-trees around. The water supply is from cisterns and a well
A well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, or drilling to access liquid resources, usually water. The oldest and most common kind of well is a water well, to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The ...
.
A population list from about 1887 showed that ''er Rummaneh'' had about 40 Muslim inhabitants.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Rummaneh had a population of 37, of which 33 were Muslims and 4 Christians
Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ ...
.[Barron, 1923, Table XI, p]
38
/ref> The Christians were all Melkite.
In the 1931 census the population was counted with nearby Rumat al-Heib, and together they had 197 inhabitants; 195 Muslims and 2 Christians, in a total of 36 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 590, all Muslims[Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p]
8
/ref> while the total land area was 1,493 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 28 dunams were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 796 for cereals, while 5 dunams were classified as built-up areas.
State of Israel
In 1948 the village was captured by the Israeli army during Operation Dekel
Operation Dekel ( he, מבצע דקל , Mivtza Dekel, Operation Palm Tree), was the largest offensive by Israeli forces in the north of Palestine after the first truce of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It was carried out by the 7th Armoured Briga ...
, 15–18 July.[Morris, 1987, p. 200] It remained under martial law
Martial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civil functions or suspension of civil law by a government, especially in response to an emergency where civil forces are overwhelmed, or in an occupied territory.
Use
Marti ...
until 1966.
References
Bibliography
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External links
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6
IAA
Wikimedia commons
{{al-Batuf Regional Council
Arab villages in Israel
Al-Batuf Regional Council
Populated places in Northern District (Israel)