Rufus River massacre

The Rufus River Massacre was a massacre of 30–40 Aboriginal people that took place in 1841 along the Rufus River, in the Central Murray region, after three consecutive ambushes with " overlanders" (stock drovers) on the recently opened overland stock route, which followed an old Aboriginal route. The massacre occurred after an official party, including Protector of Aborigines, Matthew Moorhouse, along with police, was sent out by the Governor of South Australia, George Grey.

Background

The short Rufus River connects Lake Victoria, New South Wales with the Murray River, very close to both the current borders with Victoria to the south and South Australia to the west.

The local Maraura people probably had their first encounter with Europeans when Charles Sturt travelled down the river in 1830. There is no record of other Europeans in the region until overlanders Joseph Hawdon and Charles Bonney drove 335 cattle from Sydney to Adelaide along the Murray River in 1838. Edward Eyre and Sturt followed this stock route, and by April 1841 at least 36 European parties had travelled the track, bringing with them about 480 people, 90,000 sheep and 15,000 cattle, as well as horses, bullocks, drays and goods into Aboriginal territories. The route followed well-established Aboriginal pathways, and various skirmishes were reported as the Europeans travelled through the region. Burke H., Roberts A., Morrison M., Sullivan V., The River Murray and Mallee Aboriginal Corporation (2016),
The space of conflict: Aboriginal/European interactions and frontier violence on the western Central Murray, South Australia, 1830–41
, ''Aboriginal History'', 40: 145-179.

Conflicts

On 16 April 1841 a group of 11 overlanders, led by Henry Inman, with 5,000 sheep, was attacked on the banks of the river about east of Lake Bonney. Two of the party were killed and one injured. A group of volunteers, including a member of the original party, Henry Field, set out to recover the sheep on 7 May. They too were attacked.

Governor Grey swore in a batch of special constables under the jurisdiction of Major Thomas O’Halloran and the Protector of Aborigines, Matthew Moorhouse. A large party of men, including police under the command of James Rigby Beevor, left Adelaide on 31 May. They met up with another group of overlanders, led by Alfred Langhorne, on 22 June, who had been attacked two days earlier at the Rufus River. Four Europeans and five Aboriginal people had been killed, with two and about ten injured in each group respectively.

Massacre

Another official party, including police, three Aboriginal people and Moorhouse, again left for the Murray in July 1841, meeting up in August with another group of overlanders, led by William Robinson, who had earlier been attacked. In that conflict, no Europeans had been hurt, but five Aboriginal men had been killed and 10 wounded. Coming across a large group of local men and women near Lake Victoria, Moorhouse and two others became involved in another clash, despite Moorhouse’s attempts to negotiate through interpreters. According to Moorhouse's report later sent to Grey, "nearly 30" Aboriginal people were killed, "about 10" wounded and four captured and four (one man, one boy, and two females) taken prisoner. Tolmer A. (1882),
Reminiscences of an Adventurous and Chequered Career at Home and at the Antipodes—Vol. I
', chap. 20 (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington). A large majority of the wounded would be expected to die from their wounds, because Aboriginal medicine was ill-equipped to deal with gunshot wounds. Only one European was wounded.

A subsequent enquiry headed by Sturt questioned the participants, including the Aboriginal interpreter and one of the captives, but eventually declared that the actions of the European parties had been justifiable. It determined original cause of much of the trouble with the Robinson group was the Europeans engaging in sexual relations with the women without giving the food and clothing promised first. That initiated an escalating cycle of conflicts, which eventually included the Aboriginal groups stealing thousands of European sheep.Coulthard-Clark C. (2001), "Rufus River", ''Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles'' (Allen & Unwin). Moorhouse testified that about 150 Aborigines appeared to be readying to attack, and that the massacre was committed to pre-empt such an attack.

Moorhouse's report was disputed by Robinson, who stated that "thirty to forty were killed, and as many wounded",Fatal Affray With The Natives In South Australia: Report of Mr. Moorhouse to His Excellency the Governor
, '' Port Phillip Patriot and Melbourne Advertiser'', 14 October 1841, p. 2 - via Trove. and later by James Collins Hawker, who wrote in his book ''Early Experiences in South Australia'' (1899: p. 79): "The firing lasted about fifteen minutes, 30 natives were killed, 10 wounded and 4 taken prisoner ... This was the Protector's report but in after years when I was residing on the Murray and had learnt the language of the natives, I ascertained that a much larger number had been killed..."

See also

* Australian frontier wars
*List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
* ''Maria'' (brigantine)

References

Further reading

* "Papers Relative To The Affairs Of South Australia—Aborigines", ''Accounts and Papers 1843''
Volume 3
(London: William Clowes and Sons), p. 267-310.
*
Fatal recontre with the Murray natives
, ''South Australian Register'', p. 2, 11 September 1841. his_report_is_also_available_via_Trovebr>his report is also available via Trovebr>Trove.html" ;"title="his report is also available via Trove">his report is also available via Trovebr>
]
* .
* .
* .
* Clyne R. (1981), "At war with the natives: From the Coorong to the Rufus, 1841", ''Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia'', 9: 91-110.
* Edward John Eyre, Eyre E.J. (1845), ''Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia, and overland from Adelaide to King George's Sound, in the years 1840-41, sent by the Colonists of Australia, with the sanction and support of the Government; including an Account of the Manners and Customs of the Aborigines, and the state of their relations with Europeans''
Volume I
an
Volume II
(London: T. and W. Boone). Republished by Cambridge University Press (2011).
* Mattingley C., Hampton K. (1988), ''Survival in Our Own Land'', p. 38-40.
* Nettlebeck A. (1999), "Mythologising frontier: Narrative versions of the Rufus River conflict, 1841‐1899", ''Journal of Australian Studies'', 23: 75-82; .
*.
* Sturt C. (1849),
Narrative of an Expedition into Central Australia
', p. 92 (London: T. and W. Boone).
* Summers J. (1986), "Colonial race relations", ''The Flinders History of South Australia: social history'' (editor – E. Richards), p. 283-311 ( Wakefield Press).
* Watson F. (1924), ''Historical Records of Australia—Series I''
Volume XXI (October 1840 – March 1842)
p. 695-701 (Sydney: Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament). Lord_Stanley_

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