The rufous-capped nunlet (''Nonnula ruficapilla'') is a species of

near-passerine Near passerines and higher land-bird assemblage are terms of traditional, pre-cladistic taxonomy that have often been given to tree-dwelling birds or those most often believed to be related to the true passerines (order Passeriformes) owing to mor ...

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...

in the family

Bucconidae The puffbirds and their relatives in the near passerine family Bucconidae are tropical tree-dwelling insectivorous birds that are found from South America up to Mexico. Together with their closest relatives, the jacamars, they form a divergent li ...

, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

, and

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...

Taxonomy and systematics

These four subspecies of rufous-capped nunlet are generally recognized:Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021HBW and BirdLife International (2020) ''Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world'' Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip xls zipped 1 MBretrieved May 27, 2021 *''N. r. rufipectus''

Chapman Chapman may refer to: Businesses * Chapman Entertainment, a former British television production company * Chapman Guitars, a guitar company established in 2009 by Rob Chapman * Chapman's, a Canadian ice cream and ice water products manufacturer ...

(1928) *''N. r. ruficapilla'' Tschudi (1844) *''N. r. inundata'' Novaes (1991) *''N. r. nattereri''

Hellmayr Carl Eduard Hellmayr (29 January 1878 in Vienna, Austria – 24 February 1944 in Orselina, Switzerland) was an Austrian ornithologist. Biography Hellmayr was born in Vienna and studied at the University of Vienna, although he did not complete hi ...

(1921) The

grey-cheeked nunlet The grey-cheeked nunlet (''Nonnula frontalis'') is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Colombia and Panama. Taxonomy and systematics The grey-cheeked nunlet was first ...

(''N. frontalis'') and

brown nunlet The brown nunlet (''Nonnula brunnea'') is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, ...

(''N. brunnea'') have sometimes been suggested to be

conspecific Biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species. Biochemist Linus Pauling stated that "Biological specificity is the set of characteristics of living organ ...

with the rufous-capped nunlet. Alternatively, one subspecies grey-capped nunlet, ''N. f. pallescens'', has been suggested to instead be a subspecies of rufous-capped nunlet. The rufous-capped, grey-cheeked, and chestnut-headed (''N. amaurocephala'') nunlets form a superspecies.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021Rasmussen, P. C. and N. Collar (2020). Rufous-capped Nunlet (''Nonnula ruficapilla''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rucnun1.01 retrieved November 11, 2021

Description

The rufous-capped nunlet is about long and weighs . The nominate subspecies has a large rich chestnut crown. The rest of the face, its nape, and the sides of the breast are cold gray. The rest of the upperparts are plain dull brown with some reddish highlights. The chin and breast are reddish orange, the flanks a paler rufous, and the central underparts whitish. The bill is mostly silvery blue, the eye brown with a bare reddish ring around it, and the feet dark brownish gray. ''N. r. rufipectus'' has a darker cap and brighter breast than the nominate, ''N. r. nattereri'' a darker cap and duller breast, and ''N. r. inundata'' is darker and duller than ''nattereri''.

Distribution and habitat

The subspecies of rufous-capped nunlet are distributed thus: *''N. r. rufipectus'', northeastern Peru *''N. r. ruficapilla'', eastern Peru and western Brazil south of the

Amazon River The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile. The headwaters of t ...

*''N. r. inundata'', along the

Tocantins River The Tocantins River ( pt, Rio Tocantins, link=no , , Parkatêjê dialect, Parkatêjê: ''Pyti'' ɨˈti is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means "toucan's beak" (''Tukã'' for "toucan ...

in eastern

Pará Pará is a Federative units of Brazil, state of Brazil, located in northern Brazil and traversed by the lower Amazon River. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins (state), Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas (Brazilian state) ...

, Brazil *''N. r. nattereri'', northern Bolivia and Brazil's

Mato Grosso Mato Grosso ( – lit. "Thick Bush") is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest by area, located in the Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1.9% of the Brazilian GDP. Neighboring ...

and western Pará states The species inhabits the undergrowth and subcanopy of a variety of landscapes, including ''

terra firme Terra may often refer to: * Terra (mythology), primeval Roman goddess * An alternate name for planet Earth, as well as the Latin name for the planet Terra may also refer to: Geography Astronomy * Terra (satellite), a multi-national NASA scienti ...

'',

secondary Secondary may refer to: Science and nature * Secondary emission, of particles ** Secondary electrons, electrons generated as ionization products * The secondary winding, or the electrical or electronic circuit connected to the secondary winding i ...

, and

transitional forest Forest transition refers to a geographic theory describing a reversal or turnaround in land-use trends for a given territory from a period of net forest area loss (i.e., deforestation) to a period of net forest area gain. The term "landscape turn ...

; forest along rivers and streams, and ''

igapó Igapó (, from Old Tupi: "root forest") is a word used in Brazil for blackwater-flooded forests in the Amazon biome. These forests and similar swamp forests are seasonally inundated with freshwater. They typically occur along the lower reaches of ...

''. It most often associates with bamboo, especially thickets along river edges, but not exclusively. In hilly forested country it is often found along streams.

Behavior

Feeding

Specimens of rufous-capped nunlet had insect remains in their stomachs. No other information about its diet or feeding behavior has been published.

Breeding

Nothing is known about the rufous-capped nunlet's breeding

phenology Phenology is the study of periodic events in biological life cycles and how these are influenced by seasonality, seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as environmental factor, habitat factors (such as elevation). Examples includ ...

Vocalization

The rufous-capped nunlet's song is a "long series (13–30 notes) of sharp, clear, short, upward-inflected whistles , 'fwick!-fwick!'...the series slightly softer and lower in pitch near beginning and end."

Status

The

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...

has assessed the rufous-capped nunlet as being of Least Concern. Though it has a very large range, its population is unknown and believed to be decreasing. It is fairly common in Brazil, less so in Peru, and uncommon to rare in Bolivia.

References

External links

Image at ADW
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1260029

rufous-capped nunlet The rufous-capped nunlet (''Nonnula ruficapilla'') is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Taxonomy and systematics These four subspecies of ...

Birds of the Amazon Basin Birds of the Peruvian Amazon Birds of the Bolivian Amazon

Taxonomy articles created by Polbot