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''Shri Rudram'' ( sa, श्रीरुद्रम्, śrī-rudram), is a Vedic mantra or chant in homage to
Rudra Rudra (; sa, रुद्र) is a Rigvedic deity associated with Shiva, the wind or storms, Vayu, medicine, and the hunt. One translation of the name is 'the roarer'. In the Rigveda, Rudra is praised as the 'mightiest of the mighty'. Ru ...
(an epithet of
Shiva Shiva (; sa, शिव, lit=The Auspicious One, Śiva ), also known as Mahadeva (; ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐ, or Hara, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions within Hindu ...
) taken from the ''Krishna Yajurveda's'' ''Taittiriya Samhita'' (TS 4.5, 4.7). It comprises two parts, the ''Namakam'' and ''Chamakam''. ''Chamakam'' ( sa, चमकम्) is added by scriptural tradition to the ''Shri Rudram''. The text is important in
Shaivism Shaivism (; sa, शैवसम्प्रदायः, Śaivasampradāyaḥ) is one of the major Hindu traditions, which worships Shiva as the Supreme Being. One of the largest Hindu denominations, it incorporates many sub-traditions rangi ...
, where
Shiva Shiva (; sa, शिव, lit=The Auspicious One, Śiva ), also known as Mahadeva (; ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐ, or Hara, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions within Hindu ...
is viewed as the
Parabrahman ''Para Brahman'' ( sa, परब्रह्म, translit=parabrahma, translit-std=IAST) in Hindu philosophy is the "Supreme Brahman" that which is beyond all descriptions and conceptualisations. It is described as the formless (in the sense th ...
. The hymn is an early example of enumerating the names of a deity.C Fuller (2001), ''Orality, literacy and memorisation: priestly education in contemporary south India'', Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 35, Issue 1, pages 14-15 with footnote 6 ''Shri Rudram'' is also famous for its mention of the Shaivite holy
mantra A mantra ( Pali: ''manta'') or mantram (मन्त्रम्) is a sacred utterance, a numinous sound, a syllable, word or phonemes, or group of words in Sanskrit, Pali and other languages believed by practitioners to have religious, ...
'' Namah Shivaya'', which appears in the text of the ' in the eighth ''anuvāka'' of ''Taittiriya Samhita'' (TS 4.5.8.1). It also contains the mantra ''Aum namah bhagavate rudraya'' and the ''
Mahamrityunjaya Mantra The ''Mahamrityunjaya Mantra'' ( sa, महामृत्युंजयमंत्र, महामृत्युञ्जयमन्त्र}) (translit=mahāmṛtyuṃjaya-mantra, mahāmṛtyuñjaya-mantra, translit-style=IAST, lit=Grea ...
''. The Sri Rudram is commonly chanted during the ''
Pradosha Pradosha or Pradosham (IAST: Pradoṣa) is a bimonthly occasion on the thirteenth day of every fortnight in the Hindu calendar. Aiya V. 1906, p. 103 It is closely connected with the worship of the Hindu god Shiva. The auspicious three-hour perio ...
'' time, which is considered to be a time auspicious for the worship of Shiva.


Contents

''Shri Rudram'' consists of two chapters (''praśna'') from the fourth ''kāṇda'' (book) of ''Taittiriya Samhita'' which is a part of ''Krishna Yajurveda''. The names of the chapters are ''Namakam'' (chapter five) and ''Chamakam'' (chapter seven) respectively. The ''Namakam'' (chapter five) in ''Shri Rudram'' describes the names or epithets of
Rudra Rudra (; sa, रुद्र) is a Rigvedic deity associated with Shiva, the wind or storms, Vayu, medicine, and the hunt. One translation of the name is 'the roarer'. In the Rigveda, Rudra is praised as the 'mightiest of the mighty'. Ru ...
, who is a fear-inducing/destructive aspect of
Shiva Shiva (; sa, शिव, lit=The Auspicious One, Śiva ), also known as Mahadeva (; ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐ, or Hara, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions within Hindu ...
. The devotee asks for the benevolent and graceful aspect of Shiva to be invoked rather than the terrible and fierce aspect of
Rudra Rudra (; sa, रुद्र) is a Rigvedic deity associated with Shiva, the wind or storms, Vayu, medicine, and the hunt. One translation of the name is 'the roarer'. In the Rigveda, Rudra is praised as the 'mightiest of the mighty'. Ru ...
and requests for the forgiveness of sins. The ''Chamakam'' (chapter seven) asks for the fulfillment of wishes. Each chapter consist of eleven ''anuvākas'' or hymns. * ''Namakam:'' The Namakam in particular enumerates the various epithets and names of Rudra. It recognises the violent aspects of Rudra and requests him to be benevolent and peaceful, rather than violent and destructive. It also acknowledges the presence of the deity in those from all walks of life, be they carpenters (TS 4.5.1.2) or thieves (TS 4.5.3.2). * ''Chamakam:'' The Chamakam enumerates the various things one would want in life and requests Rudra to grant them to the devotee. It acknowledges both material and spiritual desires and requests the deity for both. Some verses invoke other deities such as Agni and Vishnu and request them to join in the devotee's prayers to Rudra. The ''anuvākas'' or hymns of ''Namakam'' correspond to the eleven hymns of TS 4.5, with the final hymn extended by an additional eight verses, including the ''
Mahamrityunjaya Mantra The ''Mahamrityunjaya Mantra'' ( sa, महामृत्युंजयमंत्र, महामृत्युञ्जयमन्त्र}) (translit=mahāmṛtyuṃjaya-mantra, mahāmṛtyuñjaya-mantra, translit-style=IAST, lit=Grea ...
''. The mantra ''
Om Namah Shivaya Om Namah Shivaya (Devanagari: ; IAST: Om Namaḥ Śivāya) is one of the most popular Hindu mantras and the most important mantra in Shaivism. Namah Shivaya means "O salutations to the auspicious one!", or “adoration to Lord Shiva". It is cal ...
'' is derived from the ''Shri Rudram'', in which it appears in the verses of TS 4.5.8 though without the syllable ''Om''. The ''Chamakam'' consists of 11 ''anuvākas'' or hymns.The 11 th anuvāka prayer (of the chamakam), brings out the long list of benedictions asked for in the odd divine number and even human numbering .The ''anuvākas'' or hymns of ''Chamakam'' correspond to TS 4.7 and they ask God for fulfillment of wishes. The earliest homage hymns to Rudra is the ''Śatarudrīya'' found in the '' Shukla Yajurveda'' (Vajasaneyi Samhita 16.1-66).For a full translation of the complete hymn see: Sivaramamurti (1976) C. Fuller maintains that ''Shri Rudram'' is based on ''Śatarudrīya''.


See also

*
Mahamrityunjaya Mantra The ''Mahamrityunjaya Mantra'' ( sa, महामृत्युंजयमंत्र, महामृत्युञ्जयमन्त्र}) (translit=mahāmṛtyuṃjaya-mantra, mahāmṛtyuñjaya-mantra, translit-style=IAST, lit=Grea ...


Notes


References

* * * {{Shaivism Sanskrit texts Shaiva texts Vedic hymns Chants