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''Rubus'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family,
Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are ''Alchemilla'' (270), ''Sorbus ...
, subfamily
Rosoideae The rose subfamily Rosoideae consists of more than 850 species, including many shrubs, perennial herbs, and fruit plants such as strawberries and brambles. Only a few are annual herbs. The circumscription of the Rosoideae is still not wholly cer ...
, with over 1,350 species. Raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries are common, widely distributed members of the genus. Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are also common in the genus. The ''Rubus'' fruit, sometimes called a bramble fruit, is an
aggregate Aggregate or aggregates may refer to: Computing and mathematics * collection of objects that are bound together by a root entity, otherwise known as an aggregate root. The aggregate root guarantees the consistency of changes being made within the ...
of drupelets. The term "cane fruit" or "cane berry" applies to any ''Rubus'' species or
hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...
which is commonly grown with supports such as wires or canes, including raspberries, blackberries, and hybrids such as loganberry,
boysenberry The boysenberry is a cross between the European raspberry (''Rubus idaeus''), European blackberry (''Rubus fruticosus''), American dewberry (''Rubus aboriginum''), and loganberry (''Rubus'' × ''loganobaccus''). It is a large aggregate fruit, ...
, marionberry and tayberry. The stems of such plants are also referred to as canes.


Description

Most species in the genus are hermaphrodites, '' Rubus chamaemorus'' being an exception. ''Rubus'' species have a basic chromosome number of seven. Polyploidy from the
diploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...
(14 chromosomes) to the tetradecaploid (98 chromosomes) is exhibited.


Taxonomy


Modern classification

''Rubus'' is very complex, particularly within the blackberry/ dewberry
subgenus In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...
(''Rubus''), with polyploidy,
hybridization Hybridization (or hybridisation) may refer to: *Hybridization (biology), the process of combining different varieties of organisms to create a hybrid *Orbital hybridization, in chemistry, the mixing of atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals *Nu ...
, and facultative
apomixis In botany, apomixis is asexual reproduction without fertilization. Its etymology is Greek for "away from" + "mixing". This definition notably does not mention meiosis. Thus "normal asexual reproduction" of plants, such as propagation from cuttin ...
apparently all frequently occurring, making species
classification Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Classification is the grouping of related facts into classes. It may also refer to: Business, organizat ...
of the great variation in the subgenus one of the grand challenges of systematic botany. Some treatments have recognized dozens of species each for what other, comparably qualified botanists have considered single, more variable species. On the other hand, species in the other ''Rubus'' subgenera (such as the raspberries) are generally distinct, or else involved in more routine one-or-a-few taxonomic debates, such as whether the European and American red raspberries are better treated as one species or two (in this case, the two-species view is followed here, with '' R. idaeus'' and '' R. strigosus'' both recognized; if these species are combined, then the older name ''R. idaeus'' has priority for the broader species). The classification presented below recognizes 13 subgenera within ''Rubus'', with the largest subgenus (''Rubus'') in turn divided into 12
sections Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sig ...
. Representative examples are presented, but many more species are not mentioned here. A comprehensive 2019 study found subgenera ''Orobatus'' and ''Anoplobatus'' to be
monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
, while all other subgenera to be
paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...
or polyphyletic.


Phylogeny

The genus has a likely North American origin, with fossils known from the Eocene-aged Florissant Formation of Colorado. ''Rubus'' expanded into Eurasia, South America, and Oceania during the Miocene. Fossil seeds from the early Miocene of ''Rubus'' have been found in the Czech part of the Zittau Basin. Many fossil fruits of †''Rubus laticostatus'', †''Rubus microspermus'' and †''Rubus semirotundatus'' have been extracted from bore hole samples of the
Middle Miocene The Middle Miocene is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Langhian and Serravallian stages. The Middle Miocene is preceded by the Early Miocene. The sub-epoch lasted from 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma to 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma (million y ...
fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland. Molecular data have backed up classifications based on geography and chromosome number, but following morphological data, such as the structure of the leaves and stems, do not appear to produce a phylogenetic classification.


Species

Better-known species of ''Rubus'' include: *''
Rubus ablatus ''Rubus ablatus'' is a North American species of blackberry in section Arguti of the genus ''Rubus'', a member of the rose family. It is native to the north-central United States from Minnesota south to Missouri and east to Ohio Ohio () is ...
'' *'' Rubus aboriginum'' – garden dewberry *'' Rubus allegheniensis'' – Allegheny blackberry *''
Rubus arcticus ''Rubus arcticus'', the Arctic bramble or Arctic raspberry, is a species of slow-growing bramble belonging to the rose family, found in arctic and alpine regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Description ''Rubus arcticus'' grows most often in a ...
'' – Arctic raspberry *'' Rubus argutus'' *'' Rubus armeniacus'' – Himalayan blackberry *'' Rubus caesius'' – European dewberry *''
Rubus canadensis ''Rubus canadensis'' is a North American species of flowering plant in the rose family known by the common names smooth blackberry, Canadian blackberry, thornless blackberry and smooth highbush blackberry. It is native to central and eastern Cana ...
'' – Canadian blackberry *'' Rubus chamaemorus'' – cloudberry *'' Rubus cockburnianus'' *'' Rubus coreanus'' – bokbunja *'' Rubus crataegifolius'' *'' Rubus deliciosus'' *''
Rubus domingensis ''Rubus domingensis'' is a Caribbean species of brambles in the rose family. It has been found only in the Dominican Republic. ''Rubus domingensis'' is a climbing perennial up to 3 meters tall. Leaves are compound with 3 thick, leathery leaflets ...
'' *'' Rubus ellipticus'' *''
Rubus flagellaris ''Rubus flagellaris'', the northern dewberry, also known as the common dewberry, is a North American species perennial subshrub species of dewberry, in the rose family. This dewberry is distributed across much of Canada, Mexico, and the United ...
'' – northern dewberry *''
Rubus fraxinifolius ''Rubus fraxinifolius'', also known as mountain raspberry in English or ragimot, is a species of flowering plant, a fruiting shrub in the raspberry family, that is native to Asia. Description The species grows as an erect shrub to 2–3 m i ...
'' – mountain raspberry *''
Rubus glaucus ''Rubus glaucus'', commonly known as ' or Andean raspberry, is a species of blackberry found in Latin America from Mexico to Bolivia, including the northern and central Andes. It is similar to a loganberry in terms of taste and utility. ''Rubus ...
'' *'' Rubus hawaiensis'' *'' Rubus hayata-koidzumii'' *'' Rubus hispidus'' – swamp dewberry *'' Rubus idaeus'' – European red raspberry *''
Rubus illecebrosus ''Rubus illecebrosus'' is a red-fruited species of ''Rubus ''Rubus'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, with over 1,350 species. Raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries ar ...
'' *'' Rubus laciniatus'' – cutleaf evergreen blackberry *'' Rubus leucodermis'' – whitebark raspberry or western black raspberry *''
Rubus moluccanus ''Rubus moluccanus'', the Molucca bramble or broad-leaf bramble, is a scrambling shrub or climber, native to moist eucalyptus forest and rainforest of eastern Australia, distributed from Queensland to Victoria and North-East Indian states of Assa ...
'' *'' Rubus nepalensis'' *''
Rubus nivalis ''Rubus nivalis'', commonly known as snow raspberry, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family. It is native to northwestern North America: British Columbia, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and far northern California California is a ...
'' *''
Rubus niveus ''Rubus niveus'' (Mysore raspberry, Ceylon raspberry, hill raspberry; , hi, काला हिसालू, translit=kala hinsalu) is a species of ''Rubus'' native to southern Asia, from Afghanistan east through India and China to Taiwan and ...
'' *'' Rubus occidentalis'' – black raspberry *''
Rubus odoratus ''Rubus odoratus'', the purple-flowered raspberry,Clive Stace, R. van der Meijden, I. de Kort, no date. ''Flora of NW Europe''entry for ''Rubus odoratus''/ref> flowering raspberry, or Virginia raspberry, is a species of ''Rubus'', native to easte ...
'' – flowering raspberry *'' Rubus parviflorus'' – thimbleberry *'' Rubus parvifolius'' – small-leaf bramble (Australia) *''
Rubus pedatus ''Rubus pedatus'' is an Asian and North American species of raspberry known under the common names five-leaved bramble, strawberryleaf raspberry and creeping raspberry. ''Rubus pedatus'' is a low shrub or herb with thorn-less creeping stems. The ...
'' *''
Rubus pensilvanicus ''Rubus pensilvanicus'', known commonly as Pennsylvania blackberry, is a prickly bramble native to eastern and central North America from Newfoundland south to Georgia, west as far as Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Arkansas. The species is ...
'' – Pennsylvania blackberry *''
Rubus phoenicolasius ''Rubus phoenicolasius'' (Japanese wineberry, wine raspberry, wineberry or dewberry) is an Asian species of raspberry (''Rubus'' subgenus '' Idaeobatus'') in the rose family, native to China, Japan, and Korea. The species was introduced to E ...
'' – wine raspberry or wineberry *''
Rubus plicatus ''Rubus plicatus'' is a species of blackberry native to Europe. Taxonomy The type specimen of the genus ''Rubus'' was selected from among Linnaeus's specimens by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown in 1913 as a herbarium specimen labelled ' ...
'' *''
Rubus probus ''Rubus probus'', commonly known as Atherton raspberry or wild raspberry, is a scrambling shrub in the family Rosaceae native to Malesia and Queensland. Atherton raspberry is a rampant grower and, like most ''Rubus'' species, can form dense th ...
'' *''
Rubus pubescens ''Rubus pubescens'' (dwarf red blackberry, dwarf red raspberry, dewberry) is a herbaceous perennial widespread across much of Canada and the northern United States, from Alaska to Newfoundland, south as far as Oregon, Colorado, and West Virgini ...
'' – dwarf red blackberry *''
Rubus rosifolius ''Rubus rosifolius'', (sometimes spelled ''Rubus rosaefolius''), also known as roseleaf bramble, Mauritius raspberry, thimbleberry, Vanuatu raspberry and bramble of the Cape is a prickly subshrub native to rainforest and tall open forest of the ...
'' *''
Rubus saxatilis ''Rubus saxatilis'', or stone bramble, is a species of bramble widespread across Europe and Asia from Iceland and Spain east as far as China. It has also been found in Greenland. The green stems are 20–60 cm tall and covered with minute n ...
'' – stone bramble *'' Rubus spectabilis'' – salmonberry *'' Rubus strigosus'' – American red raspberry *'' Rubus tricolor'' *'' Rubus ulmifolius'' *''
Rubus ursinus ''Rubus ursinus'' is a North American species of blackberry or dewberry, known by the common names California blackberry, California dewberry, Douglas berry, Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry and trailing blackberry. Description ''Rubus ursin ...
'' – trailing blackberry A more complete subdivision is as follows:


Hybrid berries

The term "hybrid berry" is often used collectively for those fruits in the genus ''Rubus'' which have been developed mainly in the U.S. and U.K. in the last 130 years. As ''Rubus'' species readily interbreed and are apomicts (able to set seed without fertilisation), the parentage of these plants is often highly complex, but is generally agreed to include cultivars of blackberries (''R. ursinus'', ''R. fruticosus'') and raspberries (''R. idaeus''). The British National Collection of ''Rubus'' stands at over 200 species and, although not within the scope of the National Collection, also hold many cultivars. The hybrid berries include:- * loganberry (California, U.S., 1883) ''R.'' × ''loganobaccus'', a spontaneous hybrid between ''R. ursinus'' 'Aughinbaugh' and ''R. idaeus'' 'Red Antwerp' *
boysenberry The boysenberry is a cross between the European raspberry (''Rubus idaeus''), European blackberry (''Rubus fruticosus''), American dewberry (''Rubus aboriginum''), and loganberry (''Rubus'' × ''loganobaccus''). It is a large aggregate fruit, ...
(U.S., 1920s) a hybrid between ''R. idaeus'' and ''R.'' × ''loganobaccus'' *
olallieberry The olallieberry ( ), sometimes spelled ollalieberry, olallaberry, olalliberry, ollalaberry or ollaliberry, is the marketing name for the 'Olallie' blackberry released by the USDA-ARS (in collaboration with Oregon State University). The berry was ...
(U.S., 1930s) a hybrid between the loganberry and youngberry, themselves both hybrid berries * veitchberry (Europe, 1930s) a hybrid between ''R. fruticosus'' and ''R. idaeus'' * skellyberry (Texas, U.S., 2000s), a hybrid between ''R. invisus'' and ''R. phoenicolasius'' * marionberry (1956) now thought to be a blackberry cultivar ''R.'' 'Marion' * silvanberry, ''R.'' 'Silvan', a hybrid between ''R.'' 'Marion' and the boysenberry * tayberry (Dundee, Scotland, 1979), another blackberry/raspberry hybrid * tummelberry, ''R.'' 'Tummel', from the same Scottish breeding programme as the tayberry * hildaberry (1980s), a tayberry/boysenberry hybrid discovered by an amateur grower *
youngberry The youngberry is a complex hybrid between three different berry species from the genus ''Rubus'' of the rose family: raspberry, blackberry, and dewberry. The berries of the plant are eaten fresh or used to make juice, jam, and in recipes. The y ...
, a complex hybrid of raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries


Etymology

The generic name means blackberry in Latin and was derived from the word ''ruber'', meaning "red". The blackberries, as well as various other ''Rubus'' species with mounding or rambling growth habits, are often called brambles. However, this name is not used for those like the raspberry that grow as upright canes, or for trailing or prostrate species, such as most dewberries, or various low-growing boreal, arctic, or alpine species. The scientific study of brambles is known as "
batology A bramble is any rough, tangled, prickly shrub, usually in the genus ''Rubus'', which grows blackberries, raspberries, or dewberries. "Bramble" is also used to describe other prickly shrubs, such as roses (''Rosa'' species). The fruits incl ...
".


See also

* List of Lepidoptera that feed on ''Rubus'' *
Mulberry ''Morus'', a genus of flowering plants in the family Moraceae, consists of diverse species of deciduous trees commonly known as mulberries, growing wild and under cultivation in many temperate world regions. Generally, the genus has 64 identif ...
, an unrelated deciduous tree with similar looking fruit


References


External links

*
''Rubus''
at the Western Kentucky University {{Authority control Rosaceae genera Subshrubs Extant Eocene first appearances