The rp-process (rapid proton capture process) consists of consecutive proton captures onto
seed nuclei to produce heavier elements. It is a
nucleosynthesis
Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons) and nuclei. According to current theories, the first nuclei were formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, through nuclear reactions in ...
process and, along with the
''s''-process and the
''r''-process, may be responsible for the generation of many of the heavy elements present in the universe. However, it is notably different from the other processes mentioned in that it occurs on the proton-rich side of stability as opposed to on the neutron-rich side of stability.
The end point of the rp-process (the highest-mass element it can create) is not yet well established, but recent research has indicated that in
neutron stars it cannot progress beyond
tellurium.
The rp-process is inhibited by
alpha decay
Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus). The parent nucleus transforms or "decays" into a daughter product, with a mass number that is reduced by four and an a ...
, which puts an upper limit on the end point at
104Te, the lightest observed alpha-decaying nuclide,
and the proton drip line in light
antimony isotopes. At this point, further proton captures result in prompt
proton emission or alpha emission, and thus the proton flux is consumed without yielding heavier elements; this end process is known as the tin–antimony–tellurium cycle.
Conditions
The process has to occur in very high-temperature environments (above 10
9 kelvin) so that the protons can overcome the large
Coulomb barrier for charged-particle reactions. A hydrogen-rich environment is also a prerequisite due to the large proton flux needed. The seed nuclei needed for this process to occur are thought to be formed during breakout reactions from the hot
CNO cycle. Typically proton capture in the rp-process will compete with (α,p) reactions, as most environments with a high flux of hydrogen are also rich in helium. The time scale for the rp-process is set by β
+ decays at or near the
proton drip line, because the
weak interaction
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the weak interaction, weak force or the weak nuclear force, is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism, the strong interaction, and gravitation. It is th ...
is notoriously slower than the
strong interaction
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is one of the four known fundamental interaction, fundamental interactions. It confines Quark, quarks into proton, protons, n ...
and
electromagnetic force at these high temperatures.
Possible sites
Sites suggested for the rp-process are
accreting binary systems where one star is a
neutron star
A neutron star is the gravitationally collapsed Stellar core, core of a massive supergiant star. It results from the supernova explosion of a stellar evolution#Massive star, massive star—combined with gravitational collapse—that compresses ...
. In these systems the donor star is accreting material onto its compact partner star. The accreted material is usually rich in hydrogen and helium because of its origin from the surface layers of the donor star. Because such compact stars have high
gravitational fields, the material falls with a high
velocity
Velocity is a measurement of speed in a certain direction of motion. It is a fundamental concept in kinematics, the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of physical objects. Velocity is a vector (geometry), vector Physical q ...
towards the compact star, usually colliding with other accreted material en route, forming an
accretion disk. In the case of accretion onto a neutron star, as this material slowly builds up on the surface, it will attain a temperature on the order of 10
8 K.
Eventually it is believed that thermonuclear instabilities arise in this hot atmosphere, allowing the temperature to continue to rise until it leads to a runaway
thermonuclear explosion of the hydrogen and helium. During the flash, the temperature quickly rises, becoming high enough for the rp-process to occur. While the initial flash of hydrogen and helium lasts only a second, the rp-process typically takes up to 100 seconds. Therefore, the rp-process is observed as the tail of the resulting
X-ray burst.
See also
*
p-nuclei
References
{{neutron star
Nuclear physics
Concepts in stellar astronomy
Nucleosynthesis
-
Proton