''Rossella antarctica'' is a relatively small species of glass sponge. It is widely distributed in the southern hemisphere, particularly in the

Antarctic The Antarctic ( or , American English also or ; commonly ) is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau and other ...

and sub-Antarctic regions.

Description

This off-white to grey sponge may grow up to long. It has a semispherical to ovoid form with a large, deep oscule on the upper surface. The upper part also has the largest diameter of the organism. The body is dense and contains relatively few canals. The whole surface is covered with long, hair like spicules that may protrude up to from the surface. These spicules are most dense at the base, where they entangle to form a stalk that attaches the sponge to the substrate.Uriz, María Jesús (1988).
Deep-water sponges from the continental shelf and slope of Namibia (south-west Africa). Classes Hexactinellida and Demospongiae
'' CSIC-Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM)

Spicules

The following

spicules Spicules are any of various small needle-like anatomical structures occurring in organisms Spicule may also refer to: *Spicule (sponge), small skeletal elements of sea sponges *Spicule (nematode), reproductive structures found in male nematodes ( ...

make up the skeleton of this species: * Robust diacts (spicues with two rays radiating in different directions from a single origin point) that may be up to long. They are longer in the lower third of the sponge. Clusters of four to seven spicules protrude from the surface, pointing upwards in the upper portions and downwards in the lower portions. * Rough pentacts (five rayed spicules with perpendicular rays) covered in spines. They are hooked towards the end. They are situated just below the surface, forming the velum that is typical of this genus. * Long and slender internal diacts. The ends are alightly rough and rounded and swollen. * Robust spindle-like internal diacts with rough ends. * Spined diacts with bunt or swollen ends. There may or may not be a central bulge. * Oxyhexasters (spicules with six branching rays that end in sharp points) with short, spined rays. * Slightly rough discohexasters (spicules with six branching rays that end in rounded discs).

Distribution and habitat

While this species is mostly known from the Antarctic, it has also been found off the coats of South Africa, Namibia, South America, and New Zealand. It has been found at depths of .

Ecology

Along with ''

Anoxycalyx joubini ''Anoxycalyx joubini'' is a species of Antarctic sponge. The species may have an extremely long lifespan, with estimates of up to 1,500 years. ''A. joubini'' occurs in deeper waters than the similar species ''Cinachyra antarctica ''Cinachyra ...

'' and '' Rossella nuda and Rossella racovitzae'', ''Rossella antarctica'' is one of the main hexactinellid sponges that comprise the bulk of Antarctic benthic biomass. Consequently, they form an important part of these communities. Individuals house a variety of invertebrate infauna, with an average of nearly 800 individuals per 100 ml. These include species belonging to a variety of taxa, including foraminiferans, polychaetes,

arthropods Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a Segmentation (biology), segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and Arth ...

, amphipods,

copepods Copepods (; meaning "oar-feet") are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat. Some species are planktonic (inhabiting sea waters), some are benthic (living on the ocean floor), a number of species have p ...

, nematodes, and molluscs. At least 68 species have been found - more than in any of the other mentioned species. This includes '' Halacarellus obsoletus'', a mite that is believed to be an obligate associate of glass sponges. While the chemical defenses against predation in glass sponges are poorly known, ''Rossella antarctica'' has been observed to contain a chemical compound that has been shown to act as a deterrent against '' Odontaster validus'' at the very least. This species has been observed to reproduce by budding.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2376395 Hexactinellida Sponges described in 1872