Rosavin Biosynthesis Final

Rosavin (also known as rosin, rosavin, and rosarin) are a family of cinnamyl mono- and diglycosides that are key ingredients of ''Rhodiola rosea'' L., (''R. rosea''). ''R. rosea'' is an important medicinal plant commonly used throughout Europe, Asia, and North America, that has been recognized as a botanical adaptogen by the European Medicines Agency. Rosavin production is specific to ''R. rosea'' and ''R. sachalinenis'', and the biosynthesis of these glycosides occurs spontaneously in ''Rhodiola'' roots and rhizomes. The production of rosavins increases in plants as they get older, and the amount of the cinnamyl alcohol glycosides depends on the place of origin of the plant.

Biosynthesis

Cinnamyl alcohol glycosides are products of phenylpropanoid metabolism, derived from phenylalanine, which is produced from the shikimic-chorismic acid pathway. Shikimic acid is made from the precursor compounds erythrose-4-phosphate, and phosphoenolpyruvate. Shikimic acid is then converted to chorismic acid through various enzymes derived from the shikimic-chorismic acid pathway. Chorismate mutase then converts chorismic acid to prephenate via a Claisen rearrangement (1,3-sigmatropic rearrangement). Phenolpyruvate is generated by the decarboxylation of prephenate, and the loss of a water molecule. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) then converts phenolpyruvate to phenylalanine by using L-glutamate as an amine donor, which is used in rosavin biosynthesis. In the first step of rosavin synthesis, PAL converts phenylalanine to cinnamic acid. From cinnamic acid, cinnamyl-CoA ester is formed through hydroxycinnamate: CoA ligase (4CL). This CoA ester is reduced to cinnamaldehyde by cinnamyl-CoA reductase (CCR). The cinnamaldehyde is further reduced by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) to cinnamyl alcohol. The enzymes that take part in the formation of the glycosides of cinnamyl alcohol are not yet known. By one glucose transfer, rosin is formed, which is the simplest glycoside of ''R. rosea.'' Rosavin is formed by the addition of an arabinose residue to rosin, while rosarin is generated by the addition of an arabinofuranose residue to rosin. Depending on the sugar type, and the site it is attached to, various other glycosides may be formed.

Applications

Rosavins are considered to be the major active components of ''R. rosea,'' and clinical trials of ''R. rosea'' extract have reported positive efficacy on fatigue, depression, mountain sickness, and cardiovascular disease. Extracts used in most clinical trials are standardized to a minimum of 3% cinnamyl alcohol glycosides and 0.8–1.0% salidroside, as the naturally occurring ratio of these compounds in the plant rhizomes is approximately 3:1. Rosavins have also been reported to display immunomodulatory effects, radiation protection, anti-cancer activities, protective effects on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and induced antidepressant-like effects in mouse models. The low content of rosavins in plants has limited further investigation of their activities, and there is great interest in producing rosavins using biotechnology.

References

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Phenylpropanoid glycosides