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Rosamund Clifford (before 1150 – ), often called "The Fair Rosamund" or "Rose of the World" (
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
: ''rosa mundi''), was a
medieval
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
English
noblewoman
Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteri ...
and
mistress
Mistress is the feminine form of the English word "master" (''master'' + ''-ess'') and may refer to:
Romance and relationships
* Mistress (lover), a term for a woman who is in a sexual and romantic relationship with a man who is married to a ...
of
Henry II, King of England, who became famous in
English folklore
English folklore consists of the myths and legends of England, including the English region's mythical creatures, traditional recipes, urban legends, proverbs, superstitions, and folktales. Its cultural history is rooted in Celtic, Christia ...
.
Life
Early life
![Clifford Castle ruins](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Clifford_Castle_ruins.jpg)
Rosamund Clifford, born before 1150, is usually assumed to have been the daughter of
Walter de Clifford (born Walter FitzRichard; 1113–1190), a
Marcher Lord
A Marcher lord () was a noble appointed by the king of England to guard the border (known as the Welsh Marches) between England and Wales.
A Marcher lord was the English equivalent of a margrave (in the Holy Roman Empire) or a marquis (in ...
, and his wife Margaret. He gained his surname from his major holding,
Clifford Castle
Clifford Castle is a ruined castle in the village of Clifford which lies 2.5 miles to the north-east of Hay-on-Wye in the Wye Valley in Herefordshire, England (). It was the ''caput'' of the feudal barony of Clifford, a Marcher Lordship (owing a ...
in Herefordshire, where he was first
steward then
lord
Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler. The appellation can also denote certain persons who hold a title of the peerage in the United Kingdom, or are ...
. She had three brothers,
Walter
Walter may refer to:
People
* Walter (name), both a surname and a given name
* Little Walter, American blues harmonica player Marion Walter Jacobs (1930–1968)
* Gunther (wrestler), Austrian professional wrestler and trainer Walter Hahn (born 19 ...
(circa 1160–1221), Richard and Gilbert, and two sisters: Amice, who married Osbern FitzHugh of Richard's Castle, Herefordshire and Lucy, wife of Hugh de Say of
Stokesay, Shropshire. Her name likely came from the
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
phrase ''rosa mundi'', meaning "rose of the world."
Clifford was first raised at her father's Clifford Castle, then sent to a
convent
A convent is a community of monks, nuns, religious brothers or, sisters or priests. Alternatively, ''convent'' means the building used by the community. The word is particularly used in the Catholic Church, Lutheran churches, and the Anglic ...
of
Benedictine
, image = Medalla San Benito.PNG
, caption = Design on the obverse side of the Saint Benedict Medal
, abbreviation = OSB
, formation =
, motto = (English: 'Pray and Work')
, foun ...
nun
A nun is a woman who vows to dedicate her life to religious service, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery or convent.''The Oxford English Dictionary'', vol. X, page 599. The term is o ...
s in
Godstow Abbey for education.
[Bingham, Jane. ''The Cotswolds: A Cultural History'', Oxford University Press, 2010](_blank)
Henry II's mistress
Clifford was reputed as one of the greatest beauties of the 12th century.
["'Fair Rosamund' well to be restored at Blenheim Palace", BBC News (Oxford), July 20, 2014](_blank)
/ref> Her relationship with Henry II, King of England (1133–1189) supposedly started when his wife, Queen Eleanor (circa 1122 – 1204) was pregnant with their last child, John
John is a common English name and surname:
* John (given name)
* John (surname)
John may also refer to:
New Testament
Works
* Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John
* First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John
* Secon ...
(1166–1216) in 1166, but the king publicly acknowledged the affair for the first time in 1174. The queen is thought to have given birth to John in Beaumount Palace instead of Woodstock Palace
Woodstock Palace was a royal residence in the English town of Woodstock, Oxfordshire.
Henry I of England built a hunting lodge here and in 1129 he built of walls to create the first enclosed park, where lions and leopards were kept. The lodge b ...
because Clifford lived at Woodstock. Accounts differ on whether Clifford stayed in Woodstock while the king was travelling between England and his continental lands or accompanied him. If she did not go with him, they could not have spent more than about a quarter of the time between 1166 and 1176 together.
Later life and death
When her relationship with the king ended, Rosamund retired to Godstow Abbey. She died there around 1176, before the age of 30, and she was buried there. Her death was commemorated at Hereford Cathedral on 6 July, the same day on which Henry II died 13 years after her. The king and the Clifford family paid for her tomb to be cared for by the Benedictine
, image = Medalla San Benito.PNG
, caption = Design on the obverse side of the Saint Benedict Medal
, abbreviation = OSB
, formation =
, motto = (English: 'Pray and Work')
, foun ...
nun
A nun is a woman who vows to dedicate her life to religious service, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery or convent.''The Oxford English Dictionary'', vol. X, page 599. The term is o ...
s of the convent
A convent is a community of monks, nuns, religious brothers or, sisters or priests. Alternatively, ''convent'' means the building used by the community. The word is particularly used in the Catholic Church, Lutheran churches, and the Anglic ...
. Her resting place became a popular shrine
A shrine ( la, scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: ''escrin'' "box or case") is a sacred or holy space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of respect, wherein they ...
among locals, which was noticed by Hugh of Lincoln
Hugh of Lincoln, O.Cart. ( – 16 November 1200), also known as Hugh of Avalon, was a French-born Benedictine and Carthusian monk, bishop of Lincoln in the Kingdom of England, and Catholic saint. His feast is observed by Catholics on 16 Nove ...
, the Bishop of Lincoln
The Bishop of Lincoln is the ordinary (diocesan bishop) of the Church of England Diocese of Lincoln in the Province of Canterbury.
The present diocese covers the county of Lincolnshire and the unitary authority areas of North Lincolnshire and ...
in 1191. Seeing the flowers and candles that covered the tomb, he ordered her remains to be moved and buried outside, "with the rest, that the Christian religion may not grow into contempt, and that other women, warned by her example, may abstain from illicit and adulterous intercourse". Complying with the bishop's request, Clifford's body was moved to the cemetery by the nuns' chapter house and was destroyed during the Dissolution of the monasteries (1536–1541) under Henry VIII. The ruins of the abbey still stand and are open to the public.
Paul Hentzner
Paul Hentzner (29 January 1558 – 1 January 1623) was a German lawyer who published an account of his travels in England during the late Elizabethan era.
Hentzner was born in Crossen, in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. In 1596, he becam ...
, a German traveller who visited England around 1599, recorded that her faded tombstone inscription read in part:
''"(...) Adorent (...) utque tibi detur requies Rosamunda precamur'' ("Let them adore... and we pray that rest be given to you, Rosamund"), followed by a rhyming
A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds (usually, the exact same phonemes) in the final stressed syllables and any following syllables of two or more words. Most often, this kind of perfect rhyming is consciously used for a musical or aesthetic ...
epitaph
An epitaph (; ) is a short text honoring a deceased person. Strictly speaking, it refers to text that is inscribed on a tombstone or plaque, but it may also be used in a figurative sense. Some epitaphs are specified by the person themselves be ...
: ''"Hic jacet in tumba Rosamundi non Rosamunda, non redolet sed olet, quae redolere solet'' ("Here in the tomb lies the rose of the world, not a pure rose; she who used to smell sweet, still smells—but not sweet"). Accounts from the time of its destruction report that, along with other engravings, the tomb contained the depiction of a chalice
A chalice (from Latin 'mug', borrowed from Ancient Greek () 'cup') or goblet is a footed cup intended to hold a drink. In religious practice, a chalice is often used for drinking during a ceremony or may carry a certain symbolic meaning.
R ...
.
In folklore
In English folklore
English folklore consists of the myths and legends of England, including the English region's mythical creatures, traditional recipes, urban legends, proverbs, superstitions, and folktales. Its cultural history is rooted in Celtic, Christia ...
, Rosamund's legend states that the king did everything to hide his affair from his wife, Queen Eleanor (circa 1122 – 1204). He only saw Rosamund in the middle of a complicated underground labyrinth
In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth (, ) was an elaborate, confusing structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur, the monster eventually killed by t ...
in the park of Woodstock Palace
Woodstock Palace was a royal residence in the English town of Woodstock, Oxfordshire.
Henry I of England built a hunting lodge here and in 1129 he built of walls to create the first enclosed park, where lions and leopards were kept. The lodge b ...
in Oxfordshire. Following rumours, the queen made her way through the labyrinth and confronted her rival, forcing her to choose between a dagger
A dagger is a fighting knife with a very sharp point and usually two sharp edges, typically designed or capable of being used as a thrusting or stabbing weapon.State v. Martin, 633 S.W.2d 80 (Mo. 1982): This is the dictionary or popular-use de ...
and a bowl
A bowl is a typically round dish or container generally used for preparing, serving, or consuming food. The interior of a bowl is characteristically shaped like a spherical cap, with the edges and the bottom forming a seamless curve. This makes ...
of poison; Rosamund chose the latter and died.[Matthews, W.H., ''Mazes and Labyrinths'', Chap. XIX, Longmans Green and Co., London, 1922](_blank)
/ref> Contemporary chronicler John Brompton
John Brompton or Bromton ( fl. 1436) was a supposed English chronicler.
Brompton was elected abbot of Jervaulx in 1436. The authorship of the compilation printed in Roger Twysden's ''Decem Scriptores'' Col. 725-1284, Lond. 1652; with the title ' ...
did not recount this incident in his account of the events, and it first appeared in the 14th century ''French Chronicle of London.''
Another version tells that Rosamund was roasted
Roasting is a cooking method that uses dry heat where hot air covers the food, cooking it evenly on all sides with temperatures of at least from an open flame, oven, or other heat source. Roasting can enhance the flavor through caramelizatio ...
between two fires, stabbed, and left to bleed to death in a bath of scalding water by the queen.[Gambles, Robert. ''Great Tales from British'', Amberley Publishing Limited, 2013,]
p. 61
/ref> During the Elizabethan era
The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603). Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history. The symbol of Britannia (a female personific ...
, such stories gained popularity, leading to the writing of the ''Ballad of Fair Rosamund'' by Thomas Deloney
Thomas Deloney (born ; died in or shortly before 1600) was an English silk-weaver, novelist, and ballad writer.
Biography
Thomas Deloney was born sometime in the middle decades of the 16th century; the precise date is not recorded. Although ofte ...
(1612) and the ''Complaint of Rosamund'' by Samuel Daniel
Samuel Daniel (1562–1619) was an English poet, playwright and historian in the late- Elizabethan and early- Jacobean eras. He was an innovator in a wide range of literary genres. His best-known works are the sonnet cycle ''Delia'', the epi ...
(1592), both being purely fictional. The underground labyrinth was added to the tale in 1516 (although Robert Gambles cites a 1231 reference to "Rosamund's chamber
Chamber or the chamber may refer to:
In government and organizations
* Chamber of commerce, an organization of business owners to promote commercial interests
*Legislative chamber, in politics
* Debate chamber, the space or room that houses delib ...
", with garden
A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate bot ...
s, a cloister
A cloister (from Latin ''claustrum'', "enclosure") is a covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle or garth. The attachment of a cloister to a cathedral or church, commonly against a ...
and a well
A well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, or drilling to access liquid resources, usually water. The oldest and most common kind of well is a water well, to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The ...
). The cup of poison first appears in a ballad
A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads derive from the medieval French ''chanson balladée'' or ''ballade'', which were originally "dance songs". Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and ...
in 1611.
According to most medieval chroniclers, Queen Eleanor had been imprisoned by 1173 for raising her sons to be rebellious against their father, making a direct confrontation between the two women highly improbable.
Possible issue
Historians are divided whether Clifford's relationship with Henry II produced children. Legends have attributed to her two of the king's illegitimate
Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce. Conversely, ''illegitimacy'', also known as '' ...
sons, Geoffrey, Archbishop of York
Geoffrey ( – 12 December 1212) was an illegitimate son of King Henry II of England who became bishop-elect of Lincoln and archbishop of York. The identity of his mother is uncertain, but she may have been named Ykenai. Geoffrey held s ...
(circa 1152 – 1212) and William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury
Earl of Salisbury is a title that has been created several times in English and British history. It has a complex history, and is now a subsidiary title to the marquessate of Salisbury.
Background
The title was first created for Patrick de S ...
(circa 1176 – 1226). However, Geoffrey was born before the king and Clifford even met from an otherwise unknown woman (possibly called Ykenai or Hikenai), and William was the son of Ida de Tosny, Countess of Norfolk
Earl of Norfolk is a title which has been created several times in the Peerage of England. Created in 1070, the first major dynasty to hold the title was the 12th and 13th century Bigod family, and it then was later held by the Mowbrays, who w ...
(died after 1181).
Fair Rosamund's Well and Rosamund's Green
According to local tales, "Rosamund's bower" (probably an early version of the labyrinth) was demolished when Blenheim Palace was built. Today, Fair Rosamund's Well () is a paved spring
Spring(s) may refer to:
Common uses
* Spring (season)
Spring, also known as springtime, is one of the four temperate seasons, succeeding winter and preceding summer. There are various technical definitions of spring, but local usage of ...
in the park of Blenheim Palace in Woodstock
Woodstock Music and Art Fair, commonly referred to as Woodstock, was a music festival held during August 15–18, 1969, on Max Yasgur's dairy farm in Bethel, New York, United States, southwest of the town of Woodstock. Billed as "an Aq ...
, Oxfordshire. It is located to the south of the Grand Bridge on the western shore of The Lake, sometimes called Brown's Lake after 18th century landscape architect Capability Brown. According to a 2014 BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
article, "
e well had become 'somewhat overgrown and at risk of becoming damaged'".
![Rose- Rosa Mundi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Rose-_Rosa_Mundi.JPG)
Rosamund is also associated with the village of
Frampton on Severn
Frampton on Severn is a village and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England. The population is 1,432.
Geography
The village is approximately south of Gloucester, at . It lies on the east bank of the River Severn, and on the west bank of the ...
, Gloucestershire, another of her father's holdings. Walter de Clifford granted the mill there to
Godstow Abbey for the good of the souls of his wife and daughter. The
village green
A village green is a common open area within a village or other settlement. Historically, a village green was common grassland with a pond for watering cattle and other stock, often at the edge of a rural settlement, used for gathering cattle t ...
of Frampton became known as Rosamund's Green by the 17th century.
''Rosa mundi'' rose
A cultivated variation of ''
rosa gallica
''Rosa gallica'', the Gallic rose, French rose, or rose of Provins, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, native to southern and central Europe eastwards to Turkey and the Caucasus. ''Rosa gallica'' was one of the first species of r ...
'' with striped pink blooms is commonly known as ''rosa mundi''. Its connection to Rosamund Clifford dates to the 16th century.
In fiction
In literature
* ''The Complaint of Rosamund'', a 1592 poem by
Samuel Daniel
Samuel Daniel (1562–1619) was an English poet, playwright and historian in the late- Elizabethan and early- Jacobean eras. He was an innovator in a wide range of literary genres. His best-known works are the sonnet cycle ''Delia'', the epi ...
;
* ''
The Saint
The Saint may refer to:
Fiction
* Simon Templar, also known as "The Saint", the protagonist of a book series by Leslie Charteris and subsequent adaptations:
** ''The Saint'' (film series) (1938–43), starring Louis Hayward, George Sanders an ...
'' (German: ''Der Heilige''), an 1879 novel by
Conrad Ferdinand Meyer
Conrad Ferdinand Meyer (11 October 1825 – 28 November 1898) was a Swiss poet and historical novelist, a master of literary realism who is mainly remembered for stirring narrative ballads like "Die Füße im Feuer" (The Feet in the Fire).
Biog ...
;
* ''Rosemonde'', a 1913 poem by
Guillaume Apollinaire
Guillaume Apollinaire) of the Wąż coat of arms. (; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic of Polish descent.
Apollinaire is considered one of the foremost poets of t ...
.
[Apollinaire, Guillaume (1913); Rees, Garnet (ed.) (1975) ''Alcools'' London, Athlone Press.]
* ''Eleanor the Queen'' is a 1955 novel by
Norah Lofts
Norah Lofts, ''née'' Norah Ethel Robinson, (27 August 190410 September 1983) was a 20th-century British writer. She also wrote under the pen names Peter Curtis and Juliet Astley. She wrote more than fifty books specialising in historical fi ...
* ''Penmarric'', a 1971
family saga
The family saga is a genre of literature which chronicles the lives and doings of a family or a number of related or interconnected families over a period of time. In novels (or sometimes sequences of novels) with a serious intent, this is often ...
by
Susan Howatch (as Rose Parrish);
* ''The Courts of Love: The Story of Eleanor of Aquitaine'', a 1987 novel by
Jean Plaidy
Eleanor Alice Hibbert (née Burford; 1 September 1906 – 18 January 1993) was an English writer of historical romances. She was a prolific writer who published several books a year in different literary genres, each genre under a different pen ...
;
* ''The Falcon and the Flower'', a 1988 romance novel by
Virginia Henley;
* ''Wings of the Storm'', a 1992 novel by
Suzan Sizemore;
* ''Always'', a 2000 novel by Lynsay Sands (mentioned);
* ''The Book of Eleanor, A Novel of Eleanor of Aquitaine'', a 2002 novel by Pamela Kaufman;
* ''Time and Chance'' (2002) and ''Devil's Brood'' (2008), two novels by
Sharon Kay Penman
Sharon Kay Penman (August 13, 1945 – January 22, 2021) was an American historical novelist, published in the UK as Sharon Penman. She was best known for the Welsh Princes trilogy and the Plantagenet series. In addition, she wrote four medieval ...
;
* ''Death at Blenheim Palace'', a 2006 novel by
Robin Paige
Susan Wittig Albert, also known by the pen names Robin Paige and Carolyn Keene, is an American mystery writer from Vermilion County, Illinois, United States. Albert was an academic and the first female vice president of Southwest Texas State Uni ...
;
* ''The Death Maze'' (in the
U.S
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
.: ''The Serpent's Tale''), a 2008 novel by
Ariana Franklin;
* ''The Time of Singing'', a 2008 novel by
Elizabeth Chadwick
Elizabeth Chadwick (born 1957) is an author of historical fiction. She is a member of Regia Anglorum, a medieval reenactment organisation.
Biography
Elizabeth Chadwick was born in Bury, Lancashire in 1957. She moved with her family to Scotlan ...
(mentioned);
* ''The Captive Queen: A Novel of Eleanor of Aquitaine'', a novel by 2010 by
Alison Weir
Alison Weir ( Matthews; born 1951) is a British author and public historian. She primarily writes about the history of English royal women and families, in the form of biographies that explore their historical setting. She has also written nu ...
;
* ''The Winter Crown'', a 2014 novel by Elizabeth Chadwick;
* ''La Révolte'' (The Revolt), a 2018 French novel by
Clara Dupont-Monod.
In cinema
*
''The Lion in Winter'' is a 1968 adaptaton of the play of the same name (alluded to).
In theatre
* ''
Henry II'' is a 1692 play by
William Mountfort
William Mountfort (c. 1664 – 10 December 1692), English actor and dramatic writer, was the son of a Staffordshire gentleman.
Biography
His first stage appearance was with the Dorset Garden Theatre company about 1678, and by 1682 he was ...
;
* ''
The Lion in Winter
''The Lion in Winter'' is a 1966 play by James Goldman, depicting the personal and political conflicts of Henry II of England, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, their children and their guests during Christmas 1183. It premiered on Broadway at the ...
'' is a 1966 play by
James Goldman
James Goldman (June 30, 1927 – October 28, 1998) was an American playwright and screenwriter. He won an Academy Award for his screenplay '' The Lion in Winter'' (1968). His younger brother was novelist and screenwriter William Goldman.
Biog ...
(alluded to).
In opera
* ''
Rosamond
Rosamond is a feminine given name, which may refer to:
People
*Rosamond Carr (1912–2006), American humanitarian and author
*Rosamund Clifford (before 1150 – c. 1176), English mistress of King Henry II
* Rosamond Langbridge (1880–1964), Irish ...
'', a 1707 opera by
Thomas Clayton
Thomas Clayton (July 1777 – August 21, 1854) was an American lawyer and politician from Dover in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party and later the National Republican Party and the Whig Party. He served in the Delawa ...
to a libretto by
Joseph Addison
Joseph Addison (1 May 1672 – 17 June 1719) was an English essayist, poet, playwright and politician. He was the eldest son of The Reverend Lancelot Addison. His name is usually remembered alongside that of his long-standing friend Richar ...
;
* ''Rosamond'', a 1733 opera by
Thomas Arne
Thomas Augustine Arne (; 12 March 17105 March 1778) was an English composer. He is best known for his patriotic song " Rule, Britannia!" and the song "A-Hunting We Will Go", the latter composed for a 1777 production of '' The Beggar's Opera'', wh ...
to
Joseph Addison
Joseph Addison (1 May 1672 – 17 June 1719) was an English essayist, poet, playwright and politician. He was the eldest son of The Reverend Lancelot Addison. His name is usually remembered alongside that of his long-standing friend Richar ...
’s libretto;
* ''Rosamund'', a 1780 German
Singspiel by
Anton Schweitzer
Anton Schweitzer (6 June 1735 in Coburg – 23 November 1787 in Gotha) was a German composer of operas, who was affiliated with Abel Seyler's theatrical company.
He was a child prodigy who obtained the patronage of the duke of Saxe-Hildburghause ...
to a libretto by
Christoph Martin Wieland;
* ''
Rosmonda d'Inghilterra
''Rosmonda d'Inghilterra'' (''Rosamund of England'') is a ''melodramma'' or opera in two acts by Gaetano Donizetti. The Italian libretto was written by Felice Romani originally for Coccia's ''Rosmunda'' (1829). It is based on the legend of R ...
'' ("Rosamund of England") is an 1834 Italian opera by
Gaetano Donizetti;
* ''
Fair Rosamond'' is an 1837 opera by
John Barnett
John is a common English name and surname:
* John (given name)
* John (surname)
John may also refer to:
New Testament
Works
* Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John
* First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John
* Second ...
.
Notes
Sources
* Biography from ''Who's Who in British History'' (1998), H. W. Wilson Company. ''Who's Who in British History'', Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998.
*W. L. Warren, ''Henry II'', 1973.
*Remfry. P.M., ''Clifford Castle, 1066 to 1299'' ()
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clifford, Rosamund
1140s births
1170s deaths
Burials in Oxfordshire
Mistresses of Henry II of England
12th-century English women
12th-century English people
Oxfordshire folklore