Tables
Consonants
The consonants were as follows by 1892:Henry Sweet, ''A Primer of Phonetics'', Clarendon Press, 1892. were eventually replaced with in the IPA. Apart from Sweet's use of italic ''h'' for voicelessness, the rest of the alphabet continues intact in the modern IPA.Vowels
The vowels were as follows by 1892. In "wide" vowels, the tongue is described as relaxed and flattened; in "narrow", it is tense and more convex. This corresponds to descriptions of vowels as lax and tense. Lax vowels are indicated by italic type. In the case of the mid back unrounded vowel , the description of its place of articulation does not accord well with some of the words given as examples. Sweet described vowels as narrowed with the tongue raised as in high vowels, but the jaw open as in low vowels. This conflicts with the presentation of the IPA, in which high and close are synonymous, as are low and open. Other than the back unrounded vowels and the value of for IPA (but also for English ''bird'', in broad notation), Sweet's notation is essentially that of the IPA. Italic a takes its traditional shape, which would later be made distinct in the IPA. That is, italic a was , and italic ɐ, . Long vowels are written double. Nasal vowels with an italic nasal consonant letter, such as or (for French) . These are defined by Sweet as: :: French , : German , Scots , : Swedish :: French , : French , : Swedish :: Welsh , : German , : English ''sir'' :: Norwegian , ... :: Gaelic , : English ''but'',In broad transcription, Sweet used for French and Northern German and, as long , for English ''father'' and German , while he used for English ''come'', which has the same vowel as ''but'' (see next symbol) – essentially the same as the usage of these letters in the IPA. However, these transcriptions may be remnants of his earlier sound values for these letters – see #History. : Cockney ''park'' :: French , Scots , : German , : English ''law'' The lax vowels are defined by Sweet as: :: English ''bit'', : English ''men'', : English ''man'' :: French , : (German is overrounded ''œ'') :: English ''pretty'', : start of English ''eye'', ''better'', : start of English ''how'', Portuguese :: English ''value'', : French :: English ''father'', : Swedish :: English ''put'', : German , English ''boy'', : English ''not''History
The 1877 version of the Romic alphabet differed rather substantially from the 1892 version. It was very similar to Ellis's Paleotype.Vowels
Central vowels were indicated with a non-italic 'h' rather than a diaeresis, with regular for later irregular . The unrounded back vowels were irregular in their composition, in that laxness was not indicated by italicizing, which was used instead for the low vowels. They were (tense) high , mid (English ''but''), low and (lax) high , mid (English ''father'') and low (Scots ). was used for the unstressed English schwa. It was not listed in the vowel chart because it was not considered to have any particular articulation, being merely an independent element of voicing (what Sweet called a 'glide vowel'), and the voiced equivalent of unarticulated (which would later become ). is an open glottis, (or ) a whispery glottis. Nasal vowels were indicated with a following italic 𝑛, the French "guttural" nasals with a following italic 𝑞, as in and . Vowel length was indicated with a following rather than doubling, as in (or extra-long ). Reduced or barely pronounced sounds were marked by brackets, so . Indices were used to avoid complex detail when it would be understood, as for English diphthongalConsonants
Glottal stop was ''x'', the velar nasal ''q''. Digraphs were used where later Sweet would use distinct characters. and (IPA and might both be considered vowels, without any particular place of articulation, though at least can sometimes behave as a glottal consonant. English ''ch'' and ''j'' sounds were written and . was specifically an English .Modifications of consonants
Consonants took diacritics for fronting, as in dental ,Though the dental fricative was simply , without a diacritic. or retraction, as in uvular , retroflection, as in , and protrusion, as in interdental . Where the IPA uses superscript letters for secondary articulation, Sweet used italics. Labialization and palatalization were indicated by a following italic and . An italic was used for trills, e.g. Italian (and voiceless Welsh ), German , bilabial , and epiglottal and as in Arabic ''ain'' and ''heth''. Aspiration was marked with . (This was not italicized, but would be later when replaced with ''h''.) Whispered sounds were marked e.g. . Simultaneous articulation was marked with *, as in . As with vowels, barely articulated or pronounced consonants were set off withStress and pitch
Stress is indicated with a placed after the onset of the syllable, as in 'try' ( 'a try' vs 'at Rye'). Extra stress was marked with doubled , half stress with . Increasing, level, and decreasing stress (illustrated with the letter 'a') were , , respectively. Tone and intonation were indicated with iconic symbols such as rising , falling , level , rising-falling , etc., as in early IPA usage.See also
*Bibliography
* Sweet, Henry. (1877) ''A Handbook of Phonetics, Including a Popular Exposition of the Principles of Spelling Reform'', Oxford: Clarendon Press.External links
Notes
{{reflist Phonetic alphabets English spelling reform