The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shkodër–Pult ( la, Archidioecesis Scodrensis–Pulatensis), historically known as Scutari, is one of two Metropolitan

archdiocese In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associate ...

of the

Latin Rite Latin liturgical rites, or Western liturgical rites, are Catholic rites of public worship employed by the Latin Church, the largest particular church ''sui iuris'' of the Catholic Church, that originated in Europe where the Latin language once ...

of the

Roman Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...

."Diocese of Shkodrë (Scutari)"
'' Catholic-Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 7, 2017"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Shkodrë–Pult"
''GCatholic.org''. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved September 7, 2017 It

cathedral A cathedral is a church that contains the '' cathedra'' () of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually specific to those Christian denomination ...

archiepiscopal see is Katedralja e Shen Shtjefnit Protomartir, dedicated to St. Stephen Protomartyr, in Shkoder, which city also has : * Former cathedral: Church of St. Nicholas (Kishe Shenkollit), at Xhan, Shkodër * National Shrine of the Virgin of Good Counsel: Shenjtërorja e Zojës së Shkodrës.

Statistics

As per 2014, it pastorally served 166,700 Catholics (70.0% of 238,000 total) on 4,113 km² in 40 parishes and 3 missions with 55 priests (21 diocesan, 34 religious), 220 lay religious (62 brothers, 158 sisters) and 9 seminarians.

Ecclesiastical province

The archdiocese has two

suffragan A suffragan bishop is a type of bishop in some Christian denominations. In the Anglican Communion, a suffragan bishop is a bishop who is subordinate to a metropolitan bishop or diocesan bishop (bishop ordinary) and so is not normally jurisdictiona ...

sees: * the

Roman Catholic Diocese of Lezhë The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lezhë ( la, Dioecesis Alexiensis) is a diocese located in the city of Lezhë in the Ecclesiastical province of Shkodër–Pult in Albania. History * 1400: Established as Diocese of Lezhë Ordinaries * Bishops of ...

* the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sapë.

History

* The diocese of Scutari (Shkodrë) was established circa 305. The first known bishop was Bassus (387). The bishops of Scutari were at first subject to the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Salonica (Thessaloniki,

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with ...

), Primatial see of all Illyricum, but when

Byzantine emperor This is a list of the Byzantine emperors from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD, which marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, to its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as le ...

Justinian I Justinian I (; la, Iustinianus, ; grc-gre, Ἰουστινιανός ; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565. His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized ''renovat ...

transferred the primacy, they became

s of the Archdiocese of Justiniana Prima. In the early Middle Ages Scutari was suffragan of the

Archdiocese of Dioclea Doclea or Dioclea, also known as Docleia or Diocleia ( sr, Дукља, Duklja; gr, Διοκλεία; sq, Dioklea) was an ancient Illyrian, Roman Empire, Roman and Byzantine Empire, Byzantine city, in the region of the Docleatae tribe (late Roma ...

(now Metropolitan of Bar, in

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...

). From 1063 to 1886 53 bishops of Scutari are known (none to the middle of the twelfth century). * In 1571 it gained territory from the suppressed diocese of Suacium (Svač, Šas). The ancient diocese of Ulcinium (Ulcinj, Dulcigno), in the territory of Scutari, was, in 1571, occupied by the Ottoman Turks and ceased to exist. Its bishops were suffragans of the Archbishop of Antivari. * In 1650 it gained territory from the suppressed Diocese of Drivasto. Other ancient sees in this territory were the Diocese of Dinnastrum and Diocese of Balazum. * On 1867.03.14 it was promoted as Archdiocese of Shkodrë (Scutari) / Scodren(sis) (Latin) when Scutari was '' aeque principaliter'' united with the Archdiocese of Antivari, and in this way

Pope Pius IX Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...

made Scutari an archdiocese. The first archbishop of the united diocese, Mgr. Karl Pooten, native of Teveren near

Geilenkirchen Geilenkirchen (, Ripuarian: ) is a town in the district Heinsberg, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, on the river Wurm, approx. 15 km (9.3 mi) north-east of Heerlen and 20 k ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

,Yearbook of the Diocese of Aachen 1998
/ref> who had been Apostolic Administrator of Antivari (1834–1855), died at Scutari on 15 January 1886. * On 23 October 1886, it was promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Shkodrë (Scutari) / Scodren(sis) (Latin), while the Archdiocese of Scutari was again separated from that of Antivari, and remained an archdiocese with three suffragans : the diocese of Alessio, diocese of Sappa and diocese of Pulati. * On 2005.01.25 it was renamed as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Shkodrë–Pult / Shkodër–Pult (English) / Shkodra–Pulati / Scutari–Pult (Curiate Italian) / Scodren(sis)–Pulaten(sis) (Latin), having gained merged-in territory from the suppressed

Diocese of Pult The Diocese of Pult (Latin Pulati) ( la, Dioecesis Pulatensis) was a Latin Catholic diocese in northern Albania until abolished in 2005, when it was merged into the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Shkodër-Pult. History The bishopric was founded ...

* It enjoyed a Papal visit from

Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II ( la, Ioannes Paulus II; it, Giovanni Paolo II; pl, Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła ; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his ...

in April 1993.

Episcopal ordinaries

(all

), incomplete ;''Suffragan Bishops of Scutari (Shkodrë)'' * Bassus (387) * Senecio (432) * Andrew (519) * Stephen (590) * John (Iohannes Scoritanus) (598) * Constantine (601) ---- * George I (1141) * Peter I (Peter of Svač) (1199) * Anonymous (1251) * Stephen (Shtjefën Marini/Marin Žaretić?) = Stefano (? – 1303.11.18) * Miroslav (1307?–?) * Teodorico (1322–?) * Peter II (ca. 1325) ?= Pietro (1331?–?) * Marcus = Marco I (1346.08.20 – ?) * Martinus = Martino I (? – death 1367?) * Antin de Seluciis = da Saluzzo,

Dominican Order The Order of Preachers ( la, Ordo Praedicatorum) abbreviated OP, also known as the Dominicans, is a Catholic mendicant order of Pontifical Right for men founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest, saint and mystic Dominic of Cal ...

(O.P.) (1367.04.23 – ?) * Francis = Francesco I (1388.05.04 – ?) * Henry = Enrico,

Friars Minor The Order of Friars Minor (also called the Franciscans, the Franciscan Order, or the Seraphic Order; postnominal abbreviation OFM) is a mendicant Catholic religious order, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. The order adheres to the teachin ...

(O.F.M.) (1390?–?) * Andruin = Andruino (1398?96 – ?) * Christopher = Cristoforo, Augustinian Order (O.E.S.A.) (1401.06.10 – 1401.12.14), next Bishop of Polignano (1401.12.14 – ?) * Migliorino Manfredi ( la, Migliarinus (Meliorinus)), O.F.M. (1401.12.14 – 1402?) * Bartolomeo Vanni, O.E.S.A. (1402 – 1403.08.24), previously Bishop of Kotor (Montenegro) (1388 – 1395.02.05), Bishop of Calvi (Italy) (1395.02.05 – 1402); later Bishop of Bovino (Italy) (1403.08.24 – ?) * Progon ( la, Proganus Pintzenago) = Progano Printzenago (1403.08.14 – 1405?) * John = Giovanni I (1407.03.19 – death 1440?) * Emmanuel (Emanueli de Kandja) = Emanuele, O.P. (1451.01.09 – death 1459?) * Thaddeus (Tade Paskalika) = Taddeo Pascaligo (1465.03.06 – ?) * Bartholomew ( it, Bartolomeo Barbarigo) (1467.02.09 – 1471.10.11), also

Apostolic Administrator An Apostolic administration in the Catholic Church is administrated by a prelate appointed by the pope to serve as the ordinary for a specific area. Either the area is not yet a diocese (a stable 'pre-diocesan', usually missionary apostolic admi ...

Sapë Sapë ( la, Sapa, sr, Сапа) was a medieval fortress, located near the village of Nënshat, in the municipality of Vau i Dejës (belonging to Shkodër County, in modern Albania). It is attested since the 13th century, situated in the histor ...

(Albania) (1468 – 1471.10.11); later Bishop of

Poreč Poreč (; it, Parenzo; la, Parens or ; grc, Πάρενθος, Párenthos) is a town and municipality on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula, in Istria County, west Croatia. Its major landmark is the 6th-century Euphrasian Basilica, whic ...

(

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

) (1471.10.11 – 1475) * Francis II (Francesco de Sanctis), O.F.M. (1471.10.14 – 1491?) * Nicholas (Nicola Lupus) = Nicolò Lupi (1492.03.14 – ?) * Nicholas II ( sq, Nikollë Gravina) (1495) * Jacob ( it, Giacomo de Humano), O.E.S.A. (1511.03.10 – death 1517.08.10) * Peter II (Pietro de Gardona) = Pedro Cardona,

Augustinian Canons Regular Canons regular are priests who live in community under a rule ( and canon in greek) and are generally organised into religious orders, differing from both secular canons and other forms of religious life, such as clerics regular, designated by a ...

(C.R.S.A.) 1518.02.26 – death 1522) * Jerome (Geronimo de Carpo) = Girolamo Vascheri, O.F.M. (1522.10.03 – 1524.09.19), next Bishop of

Guardialfiera Guardialfiera is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso in the Italian region Molise, located about northeast of Campobasso. It sits on a hilltop overlooking Lake Guardialfiera, which was created as a result of the damming of ...

(1524.09.19 – 1533) * Anthony I (Anton Baccaria) = Antonio Beccari, O.P. (1534.09.23 – death 1543) * Melchiorre Pelletta (1570) * Theodore (Theodor Kalompsi) = Teodoro Calompsi (1575.10.26 – death 1578?) * Paul(us) I = Paolo da Zara, O.P. (1582.03.05 – death 1585) * Duka (Duka Armani) (1590.06.13 – ?) * Andrew I = Andrea (? – death 1622?) * Dominic I ( la, Dominicus Andriasius, sh, Dominik Andrijašević) = Domenico Andreassi, O.F.M. (?1622.03.23 – death 1637) * ? Benedict (Benedikt Ursini) (1626–????) * Francis III (Françesku Kruta) = Francesco Cruta (1640.09.10 – death 1645?) * Gregory (Gregorio Frassina de Novara) = Gregorio Frasini, O.F.M. (1646.09.10 – death 1656?) * Peter III ( Pjetër Bogdani) = Pietro Bogdano (1656.03.06 – 1677.11.08), also

Archdiocese of Bar The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar ( cnr, Барска надбискупија, Barska nadbiskupija; sq, Kryepeshkopata Katolike Romake e Tivarit; la, Archidioecesis Antibarensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in Montenegro.

(Montenegro) (1659.10.24 – 1671.02.23); next Metropolitan Archbishop of

Skopje Skopje ( , , ; mk, Скопје ; sq, Shkup) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC; r ...

(

Macedonia Macedonia most commonly refers to: * North Macedonia, a country in southeastern Europe, known until 2019 as the Republic of Macedonia * Macedonia (ancient kingdom), a kingdom in Greek antiquity * Macedonia (Greece), a traditional geographic reg ...

) (1677.11.08 – death 1689.11) * Dominic II ( sh, Dominik Babić/Bobić) = Domenico Bubić (1677.11.22 – death 1686) * Andrew II (Andrea Gallata) (1686.09.16 – death 1690?) **''

Apostolic administrator An Apostolic administration in the Catholic Church is administrated by a prelate appointed by the pope to serve as the ordinary for a specific area. Either the area is not yet a diocese (a stable 'pre-diocesan', usually missionary apostolic admi ...

Marinus II (Marin Grago) = Marino Drago (1690.02.11 – 1693.12.22), while Bishop of Kotor (Montenegro) (1688.05.31 – 1708.10.03); later Bishop of

Budua Budva ( cnr, Будва, or ) is a Montenegrin town on the Adriatic Sea. It has 19,218 inhabitants, and it is the centre of Budva Municipality. The coastal area around Budva, called the Budva riviera, is the center of Montenegrin tourism, kno ...

(1696.07.07 – ?), Bishop of Korcula (1708.10.03 – death 1733.10.09)'' * Anthony II (Anton/Ndoc Vlladanji) (13 August 1691 – 1693) * Anthony III (Anton Nigri/Negri / Antonius de Nigris) = Antonio Negri (1693.12.22 – death 1702) **''

Father Peter Karagić, O.F.M. (1698.08.20 – 1698.09.15), no previous prelature; later Bishop of

Pult Pult or Pulat ( sq-definite, Pulti or Pulati), is a region in northern Albania. It is bordered by the Malësia Region to its north and by the Dukagjin Highlands to its east and its south. The region has traditionally been inhabited by the Plani ...

(Albania) (1698.09.15 – 1702.09.25), Metropolitan Archbishop of

(Macedonia) (1702.09.25 – ?)'' * Antonio IV Babbi (1703.01.15 – death 1728.10) * Anthony V (Anton/Ndoc Vlladanji) = Antonio Vladagni (1729.12.23 – death 1740) * Paul II (Paolo Campsinato di Pietro / Pal Kampsi) = Paolo Campsi (25 May 1742 – death 1771), also Bishop of Lezhë (Albania) (1748.09.16 – 1750) * George II (

Gjergj Radovani Giorgio Angelo Radovani ( la, Georgius Angelus Radovani, sq, Gjergj Engjëll Radovani; 1734–1790) was an Albanian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Life Radovani was born in İşkodra (Shkodër), at the time part of the Ottoman Empire ( ...

) = Giorgio Angelo Radovani (29 July 1771 – 23 April 1787), previously Apostolic Vicar of Sofia–Plovdiv (

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...

) (1767.04.30 – 1771.07.29); later Metropolitan Archbishop of

Bar Bar or BAR may refer to: Food and drink * Bar (establishment), selling alcoholic beverages * Candy bar * Chocolate bar Science and technology * Bar (river morphology), a deposit of sediment * Bar (tropical cyclone), a layer of cloud * Bar (u ...

(Montenegro) (1787.04.23 – death 1790.11.15) and Bishop of

(1787.04.27 – 1790.11.15) * Francis IV (Francesco Borzi) (23 April 1787 – 11 April 1791), next Metropolitan Archbishop of

(Montenegro) (1791.04.11 – 1823.02.11) and Bishop of

(1791.09.27 – 1823.02.11) * Matthew (Matteo Crescesi) (11 April 1791 – death 1808.01.24) * Antonio Angelo Radovani (1808.07.08 – death 1814.05.03), previously Bishop of

(Albania) (1796.06.27 – 1808.07.08 * Antonio Dodmassei (1814.12.19 – death 1816.07.21), previously Bishop of

(Albania) (1808.07.08 – 1814.12.19) * Nikolla Muriqi (1817.07.04 – death 1824.02.14) * Ambrogio Bruci (1824.08.24 – death 1831.06.21) * Benigno Albertini,

Franciscans , image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg , image_size = 200px , caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans , abbreviation = OFM , predecessor = , ...

(O.F.M. Obs.) (13 April 1832 – death 1838.08.24) * Loius I (Luigi Guglielmi) (24 September 1839 – 1852.09.27), next Bishop of

Verona Verona ( , ; vec, Verona or ) is a city on the Adige River in Veneto, Northern Italy, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region. It is the largest city Comune, municipality in the region and the ...

(Italy) (1852.09.27 – death 1853.01.29) **''

Giovanni Topić (Gjon Topiq), O.F.M. Obs. (1842.01.12 – 1845 ''see below''), while Bishop of Lezhë (Albania) (1842.01.12 – 1853.09.27)'' * Giovanni Topić = John II (Gjon Topiq), O.F.M. Obs. (27 September 1853 – retired 1859.01.17), emeritate 'promoted' as Titular Archbishop of Philippopolis (1859.07.10 – death 1868.06.11) * Louis II (Luigi Ciurcia) (6 February 1859 – 27 July 1866), next Titular Archbishop of Irenopolis (1866.07.27 – death 1881.07.13) as Apostolic Vicar of

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...

(Egypt) (1866.07.27 – 1881.05.01) and

Apostolic Delegate An apostolic nuncio ( la, nuntius apostolicus; also known as a papal nuncio or simply as a nuncio) is an ecclesiastical diplomat, serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of the Holy See to a state or to an international o ...

(papal diplomatic envoy) to ritish protectoratesEgypt and Arabia (1866.07.27 – 1881.07.13); previously Bishop of Lezhë (Albania) (1853.09.27 – 1858.06.04), Titular Bishop of

Delcus Delkos ( grc, Δέλκως), or Delcus, was a town of ancient Thrace. Under the name of Delcus it was a bishopric and later a titular see, now suppressed, of the Roman Catholic Church. It later called Dercos, under which name it again was a bishop ...

(1858.06.04 – 1859.02.06) as

Coadjutor Bishop A coadjutor bishop (or bishop coadjutor) is a bishop in the Catholic, Anglican, and (historically) Eastern Orthodox churches whose main role is to assist the diocesan bishop in the administration of the diocese. The coadjutor (literally, "co ...

of Shkodrë (1858.06.04 – succession 1859.02.06) ;''Non-Metropolitan Archbishop of Shkodrë (Scutari)'' * Charles (Karl Pooten) (15 March 1867 – death 15 January 1886), previously

Titular Bishop A titular bishop in various churches is a bishop who is not in charge of a diocese. By definition, a bishop is an "overseer" of a community of the faithful, so when a priest is ordained a bishop, the tradition of the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox an ...

Maronia Maroneia ( el, Μαρώνεια) is a village and a former municipality in Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Maroneia-Sapes, of which it is a munic ...

(1844.02 – 1855.08.31), Metropolitan Archbishop of

(Montenegro) (1855.08.31 – 1886.01.15) ;''Metropolitan Archbishops of Shkodrë (Scutari)'' * Pascal (Pasquale Guerini) (born Italy) (23 November 1886 – retired November 1910), emeritate as Titular Archbishop of Melitene (1910.01.14 – death 1911.02.08); previously

Paphos Paphos ( el, Πάφος ; tr, Baf) is a coastal city in southwest Cyprus and the capital of Paphos District. In classical antiquity, two locations were called Paphos: Old Paphos, today known as Kouklia, and New Paphos. The current city of Pap ...

(1879.05.06 – 1886.11.23) as Auxiliary Bishop of

(Montenegro) (1879.05.06 – 1886.11.23) ** Auxiliary Bishop: Andrea Logorezzi (born Albania) (1887.01.07 – 1888.06.15), Titular Bishop of

Iuliopolis Juliopolis or Ioulioupolis ( gr, Ἰουλιούπολις), occasionally also Heliopolis (Ἡλιούπολις), was an ancient and medieval city and episcopal see in Anatolia (modern Turkey). In later Byzantine times, it also bore the name Basi ...

(1887.01.07 – 1888.06.15); later Metropolitan Archbishop of

(Macedonia) (1888.06.15 – death 1891.12.29) **

Coadjutor Archbishop The term coadjutor (or coadiutor, literally "co-assister" in Latin) is a title qualifier indicating that the holder shares the office with another person, with powers equal to the other in all but formal order of precedence. These include: * Coadj ...

: Lazaro Miedia = Lazarus (

Lazër Mjeda Lazër Mjeda (1869–1935) was an Albanian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, and a member of the Mjeda family. Biography Lazër (Llazar) Mjeda was born in Shkodër, Ottoman Empire — present-day Albania — on March 6, 1869. From 1900 to 190 ...

) (1904.12.24 – 1909.04.14 ''see below''), Titular Archbishop of Areopolis (1904.12.24 – 1909.04.14); previously Bishop of

(Albania) (1900.11.10 – 1904.12.24); next Metropolitan Archbishop of

(

) (1909.04.14 – 1921.10.19) * Giacomo Sereggi = Jacob (Jak(ë) Serreqi) (14 April 1910 – 14 October 1921), previously Bishop of

(Albania) (1905.08.07 – 1910.04.14); emeritate as Titular Archbishop of Cyzicus (1921.10.14 – death 1922.04.11) * Lazaro Miedia = Lazarus (

) (''see above'' 19 October 1921 – death 8 July 1935) * Gaspar(e) (Gaspër Thaçi) (27 January 1936 – death 25 May 1946) **''

Ernesto Çoba (1952.01.21 – death 1979.04.15), Titular Bishop of Midaëum (1952.01.21 – 1979.04.15)'' * Francis (Frano Illia) (25 December 1992 – death 22 October 1997), also President of Episcopal Conference of Albania (1993 – 22 October 1997) ** Auxiliary Bishop: Zef Simoni (born Albania) (25 December 1992 – retired 20 January 2004), Titular Bishop of Bararus (1992.12.25 – death 2009.02.21) ;''Metropolitan Archbishops of Shkodrë-Pult (Scutari-Pulati)'' * Angel (Angelo Massafra) (born Italy) (28 March 1998 – ...), President of Episcopal Conference of Albania (2000–2006 and 2012.09 – ...), previously Bishop of

Rrëshen Rrëshen ( sq-definite, Rrësheni) is a small town and a former municipality in Lezhë County, in northern Albania. History At the 2015 local government reform, Rrëshen became a subdivision and the seat of the municipality Mirditë. It was the ...

(Albania) (1996.12.07 – 1998.03.28).

References

Sources and external links