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Rodney William Stark (July 8, 1934 — July 21, 2022) was an American sociologist of religion who was a longtime professor of sociology and of
comparative religion Comparative religion is the branch of the study of religions with the systematic comparison of the doctrines and practices, themes and impacts (including migration) of the world's religions. In general the comparative study of religion yie ...
at the
University of Washington The University of Washington (UW, simply Washington, or informally U-Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast; it was established in Seat ...
. At the time of his death he was the Distinguished Professor of the Social Sciences at
Baylor University Baylor University is a private Baptist Christian research university in Waco, Texas. Baylor was chartered in 1845 by the last Congress of the Republic of Texas. Baylor is the oldest continuously operating university in Texas and one of the ...
, co-director of the university's Institute for Studies of Religion, and founding editor of the ''Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion''.Curriculum vitae
Baylor University.
Stark had written over 30 books, including ''
The Rise of Christianity ''The Rise of Christianity'' (subtitled either ''A Sociologist Reconsiders History'' or ''How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries'', depending on the edition), is a book ...
'' (1996), and more than 140 scholarly articles on subjects as diverse as prejudice, crime, suicide, and city life in ancient Rome. He twice won the Distinguished Book Award from the
Society for the Scientific Study of Religion The Society for the Scientific Study of Religion (founded in 1949) was formed to advance research in the social scientific perspective on religious institutions and experiences. The ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'' is published by t ...
, for ''The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival, and Cult Formation'' (1985, with William Sims Bainbridge), and for ''The Churching of America 1776–1990'' (1992, with Roger Finke).


Early life and education

Stark was born on July 8, 1934, and grew up in Jamestown,
North Dakota North Dakota () is a U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the indigenous Dakota Sioux. North Dakota is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north and by the U.S. states of Minnesota to the east, S ...
, in a
Lutheran Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Cathol ...
family. He spent time in the
United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...
, before graduating in journalism from the
University of Denver The University of Denver (DU) is a private research university in Denver, Colorado. Founded in 1864, it is the oldest independent private university in the Rocky Mountain Region of the United States. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Univ ...
in 1959. He worked as a journalist for the ''Oakland Tribune'' from 1959 until 1961, then pursued graduate work, obtaining his MA in sociology from the
University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant u ...
, in 1965 and his PhD, also from Berkeley, in 1971. Stark played high school football with another individual who would go on to have a distinguished academic career, Alvin Plantinga, an influential Christian philosopher who taught at Calvin College and Notre Dame.


Career and research


Positions held

After completing his PhD, Stark held appointments as a research sociologist at the Survey Research Center and at the Center for the Study of Law and Society. After teaching as Professor of Sociology and of Comparative Religion at the
University of Washington The University of Washington (UW, simply Washington, or informally U-Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast; it was established in Seat ...
for 32 years, Stark moved to Baylor University in 2004, where he was co-director of the Institute for Studies of Religion. He was an advocate of the application of the rational choice theory in the sociology of religion, which he called the theory of religious economy.


Stark–Bainbridge theory of religion

During the late 1970s and 1980s, Stark worked with William Sims Bainbridge on the Stark–Bainbridge theory of religion,André Nauta
"Stark, Rodney"
''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society'', 1998.
and co-wrote the books ''The Future of Religion'' (1985) and ''A Theory of Religion'' (1987) with Bainbridge. Nowadays their theory, which aims to explain religious involvement in terms of rewards and compensators, is seen as a precursor of the more explicit recourse to economic principles in the study of religion as later developed by Laurence Iannaccone and others.


Criticism of secularization theories

Stark was one of the most vocal critics of theories of secularization. In 1999, he published an article entitled “Secularization, R.I.P.” that became both famous and controversial. He expanded his theory in subsequent works, claiming that statistical data does not support the theory of a decline of religion in modern societies. Although it is true that the forms and practices of religion change, the idea of a decline called “secularization,” Stark argued, derives from faulty quantitative analysis and ideological preconceptions.


On the growth of Christianity

Stark proposed in ''
The Rise of Christianity ''The Rise of Christianity'' (subtitled either ''A Sociologist Reconsiders History'' or ''How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries'', depending on the edition), is a book ...
'' that
Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesu ...
grew through gradual individual
conversions Conversion or convert may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * "Conversion" (''Doctor Who'' audio), an episode of the audio drama ''Cyberman'' * "Conversion" (''Stargate Atlantis''), an episode of the television series * "The Conversion" ...
via
social networks A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for ...
of family, friends and colleagues. His main contribution, by comparing documented evidence of Christianity's spread in the
Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Medite ...
with the history of the LDS church in the 19th and 20th centuries, was to illustrate that a sustained and continuous growth could lead to huge growth within 200 years. This use of
exponential growth Exponential growth is a process that increases quantity over time. It occurs when the instantaneous rate of change (that is, the derivative) of a quantity with respect to time is proportional to the quantity itself. Described as a function, a ...
as a driver to explain the growth of the church without the need for mass conversions (deemed necessary by historians until then) is now widely accepted. Stark suggested that Christianity grew because it treated women better than pagan religions. He also suggested that making Christianity the state religion of the
Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Medite ...
weakened the faithfulness of the Christian community by bringing in people who did not really believe or had a weaker belief. This is consistent with Stark's published observations of contemporary religious movements, where once-successful faith movements gradually decline in fervor due to the free rider problem.


Criticism of anti-Catholicism

While not a Roman Catholic himself, Stark believed that anti-Catholicism is still a dominant force in the American media and the academia. Particularly in his book ''Bearing False Witness'' (2016), he argued that an anti-Catholic prejudice has poisoned the historical debate on the
Crusades The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were ...
, the Inquisition and the relations of Pope Pius XII with
Nazism Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...
, creating an "anti-Catholic history" that is at odds with contemporary academic research, yet is still taught in schools and promoted by mainline media.


On the theory of evolution

In 2004 ''The American Enterprise'', an online publication of the American Enterprise Institute, published an article by Stark, "Facts, Fable and Darwin", critical of the stifling of debate on
evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...
. Stark criticized the "Darwinian Crusade" and their "tactic of claiming that the only choice is between Darwin and Bible literalism." Though not a creationist himself, he believed that though "the theory of evolution is regarded as the invincible challenge to all religious claims, it is taken for granted among the leading biological scientists that the origin of species has yet to be explained." He suggested that governments "lift the requirement that high school texts enshrine Darwin's failed attempt as an eternal truth."Rodney Stark
"Fact, Fable, and Darwin"
''The American Enterprise'', September 2004.


Personal religious faith

In their 1987 book ''A Theory of Religion'', Stark and Bainbridge describe themselves as "personally incapable of religious faith". While reluctant to discuss his own religious views, he stated in a 2004 interview that he was not a man of faith, but also not an atheist. In a 2007 interview, after accepting an appointment at
Baylor University Baylor University is a private Baptist Christian research university in Waco, Texas. Baylor was chartered in 1845 by the last Congress of the Republic of Texas. Baylor is the oldest continuously operating university in Texas and one of the ...
, Stark indicated that his self-understanding had changed and that he could now be described as an "independent Christian." In this interview Stark recollects that he has "always been a 'cultural' Christian" understood by him as having "been strongly committed to Western Civilization." Of his previous positions he wrote: "I was never an atheist, but I probably could have been best described as an agnostic."


Selected works


Books

* ''Christian Beliefs and Anti-Semitism'' (1966) with
Charles Y. Glock Charles Young Glock (October 17, 1919 – October 19, 2018) was an American sociologist whose work focuses on sociology of religion and survey research. Biography and academic background Charles Glock was born in the Bronx, New York in 1919. ...
* ''American Piety: The Nature of Religious Commitment'' (1968) with Charles Y. Glock * ''The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival, and Cult Formation'' (1985), with William Sims Bainbridge * ''Sociology'' (1985) an introductory college sociology text that has been through ten editions as of 2007. 10th: (2006) * ''A Theory of Religion'' (1987), with William Sims Bainbridge * ''Religion, Deviance, and Social Control'' (1996), with William Sims Bainbridge * ''The Churching of America 1776-1992: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy'' (1992), with Roger Finke; 2nd edition under name ''The Churching of America 1776-2005: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy'' (2005) * ''
The Rise of Christianity ''The Rise of Christianity'' (subtitled either ''A Sociologist Reconsiders History'' or ''How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries'', depending on the edition), is a book ...
: A Sociologist Reconsiders History'' (1996) or ''How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries'' (1997) * ''Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion'' (2000), with Roger Finke.
University of California Press The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish scholarly and scientific works by facult ...
* ''One True God: Historical Consequences of Monotheism'' (2001), * ''For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery''
Description, reviews

contents
(2003), * ''Exploring the Religious Life'' (2004) * ''The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success'' (2005), * ''
The Rise of Mormonism ''The Rise of Mormonism'' is a 2005 book by the sociologist of religion Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology. This objecti ...
'' (2005), * ''Cities of God: The Real Story of How Christianity Became an Urban Movement and Conquered Rome'' (2006) * ''Discovering God: A New Look at the Origins of the Great Religions'' or ''The Origins of the Great Religions and the Evolution of Belief'' (2007), * ''God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades'' (2009) * ''The Triumph of Christianity: How the Jesus Movement Became the World's Largest Religion'' (2011), * ''America’s Blessings: How Religion Benefits Everyone, Including Atheists'' (2012) * ''How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity'' (2014), Intercollegiate Studies Institute, * ''Religious Hostility: A Global Assessment of Hatred and Terror'' (2014), with Katie E. Corcoran * ''A Star in the East: The Rise of Christianity in China'' (2015), with Xiuhua Wang. * ''The Triumph of Faith: Why The World Is More Religious Than Ever'' (2015) * ''Bearing False Witness: Debunking Centuries of Anti-Catholic History'' (2016) * ''Reformation Myths: Five Centuries of Misconceptions and (Some) Misfortunes'' (2017)
''Why God? Explaining Religious Phenomena''
(2018)


Articles

* John Lofland and Rodney Stark. ''Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective'' American Sociological Review of 1965. (an early and influential conversion theory based on field work among
Unification Church The Family Federation for World Peace and Unification, widely known as the Unification Church, is a new religious movement, whose members are called Unificationists, or "Moonie (nickname), Moonies". It was officially founded on 1 May 1954 unde ...
members)
"A Taxonomy of Religious Experience"
in '' The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'', 1965 * Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge (1979
"Of Churches, Sects, and Cults: Preliminary Concepts for a Theory of Religious Movements"
''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'' 18, no 2: 117-33 * Rodney Stark. "On Theory-Driven Methods." pp. 175–196 in ''The Craft of Religious Studies'', edited by
Jon R. Stone Jon is a shortened form of the common given name Jonathan, derived from "YHWH has given", and an alternate spelling of John, derived from "YHWH has pardoned".
and Part

as printed in '' Meridian Magazine'', 2005


See also

*
The Pacific Sociological Association Distinguished Scholarship Award The Distinguished Scholarship Award is given by the Pacific Sociological Association (PSA) to sociologists based in the Pacific region of North America, in recognition of major scholarly contributions. To be eligible for the award, a sociologist's ...
*
Religious capital In sociology of religion, religious capital is the investment an individual makes into their religious faith. The investment is the time and physical work involved with the religious faith, as well as the personal investment in ideology, doctrine ...
, an idea used frequently in Stark's work


Notes


Further reading


Rodney Stark
his homepage

* David Lehman, ''Rational Choice and the Sociology of Religion'', chapter 8 in Bryan S. Turner (ed.) ''The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion'', John Wiley and Sons, 2010,
Big Ideas
Baylor Magazine's 2004 profile of Stark's career to date. * Rodney Stark,
How Christianity (and Capitalism) Led to Science
. ''
The Chronicle of Higher Education ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'' is a newspaper and website that presents news, information, and jobs for college and university faculty and student affairs professionals (staff members and administrators). A subscription is required to r ...
''. December 2, 2005.
The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism and Western Success
Reviewed by William Grimes, Sunday, January 22, 2006, ''The New York Times''. {{DEFAULTSORT:Stark, Rodney 1934 births 2022 deaths People from Jamestown, North Dakota American Christian writers American sociologists American historians of religion American male non-fiction writers American religious writers Converts to Christianity from atheism or agnosticism Sociologists of religion Researchers of new religious movements and cults Baylor University faculty University of California, Berkeley alumni University of Washington faculty