Robert Francis Anthony Studds

Rear Admiral Robert Francis Anthony Studds (December 17, 1896 – May 28, 1962) was a career officer in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps, predecessor of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps. He served as the fourth Director of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Early life

Studds was born in Washington, D.C., on a farm near the Soldier's Home on December 17, 1896. After primary and secondary education at parochial and public schools in Washington, he attended the Catholic University of America, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering in 1917. He accepted a position with the Sanitary Division of the District of Columbia government. However, the United States had entered World War I on the side of the Allies in April 1917, and Studds soon joined the United States Army. Assigned to the United States Army Corps of Engineers, he served in the 472nd Engineer Regiment at Camp A. A. Humphreys in Virginia through the end of the war in November 1918 and until May 1919, when he returned to civilian life and to his job with the District of Columbia government.

Career

Early career

Later in 1919, Studds began his career with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, accepting a commission as an officer in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps. His first assignment was as a deck officer and junior engineering officer aboard the Coast and Geodetic Survey survey ship USC&GS ''Natoma''. From 1922 to 1923 he served aboard the coastal survey ship USC&GS ''Lydonia'' (CS 302), conducting hydrographic survey work along the coasts of Oregon and Florida. He served in the Philippine Islands from 1923 to 1926 aboard the survey ship USC&GS ''Pathfinder''.

Returning to the United States, Studds was officer-in-charge of the survey launch USC&GS ''Elsie III'' from 1926 to 1929; during his tour aboard her, ''Elsie III'' conducted hydrographic surveys in New York Harbor and along the coast of South Carolina. He served a brief tour aboard the survey ship USC&GS ''Ranger'' along the coast of Puerto Rico in 1927.

August 15, 1936 typhoon

By 1936, Studds was back in the Philippines as commanding officer of the survey ship USC&GS ''Fathomer''. With only a few days left to conclude the 1936 season's work on northeast Luzon, Studds was forced on August 9, 1936 to suspend hydrographic survey operations and order ''Fathomer'' to seek shelter in Port San Vicente as a typhoon approached the area; it passed about from ''Fathomer''ʼs position on August 11. On August 12 ''Fathomer'' attempted to return to the survey working grounds, but confused seas and a heavy swell compelled him to order her to return to Port San Vicente. He planned for her to depart again on August 13, but was forced to cancel these plans when another typhoon approached. By August 14 it was apparent from the typhoon's track that it would strike Port San Vicente. That afternoon, Studds ordered ''Fathomer''ʼs crew to prepare to ride out the storm, securing her gear and anchoring her in the inner harbor.Studds, R. F. A., "The Stranding and Salvaging of the 'Fathomer' in the Typhoon of 8/15/1936, Port San Vicente, P.I.," U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ''Field Engineers Bulletin No. 10'', December 1936, pp. 124–131.
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Rain squalls associated with the typhoon arrived at Port San Vicente at about 0600 hours on August 15, 1936, and ''Fathomer'' began sending frequent weather reports to Manila. The weather deteriorated throughout the day, and winds reached by 1730 hours; by 1905 hours winds were estimated to have reached 120 to 150 miles (193 to 242 kilometers) per hour and were creating waves high even in the virtually landlocked inner harbor, so Studds ordered ''Fathomer'' to begin to operate her engines first at half-speed ahead and then at full speed ahead to try to keep from drifting. However, one of her anchor cables parted, and the wind and seas forced her aground on a reef at about 1925 hours, after which the wind forced her to list heavily to starboard.

The typhoon's eye passed over ''Fathomer'' from 2015 to 2035 hours, allowing her crew to make some repairs and send a distress signal to Manila, but the extremely high winds had returned by 2040 hours. The wind forced the ship's bow around to the southwest. She listed to starboard so far that her boat deck rail was underwater. The galley range and rice boiler broke loose and tore off a ventilator to the forecastle, causing the forecastle to flood, and the engine room and boiler room also became flooded when the engine room house's starboard side became submerged. The ship's generator failed at 2100 hours, leaving her in darkness, and the radio house had to be abandoned when it threatened to tear loose from the ship. The crew took shelter along the port alleyway, well above the water's surface, but waves increased in height significantly and broke over the men despite their height above the water.

The wind and waves began to moderate at about 2200 hours, and by 2230 ''Fathomers crew – all of whom survived the ordeal – could begin to work on deck again. After daybreak on August 16, 1936, repairs began in earnest, and Studds ordered some crew members to go ashore to establish a camp and render assistance to local Filipinos. At 1300 hours, the radio was repaired and ''Fathomer'' sent an SOS; the British steamer SS ''City of Florence'' immediately answered and relayed messages between ''Fathomer'' and Manila until ''City of Florence'' had moved out of range. In response to the messages, the United States Lighthouse Service lighthouse tender USLHT ''Canlaon'' departed Manila on August 18 to assist ''Fathomer'', stopping at Aparri on August 20 to take the derrick dredge ''Aparri'' under tow.

''Canlaon'' and ''Aparri'' reached Port San Vicente at 1400 hours on August 20, and salvage operations began immediately. ''Fathomer'' was made watertight, the reef was dynamited, and ''Aparri'' dredged loose material to free ''Fathomer''. At 0215 hours on August 29, ''Fathomer'' was off the reef and afloat. ''Fathomers crewmen ashore struck camp at daybreak on August 29; ''Canlaon'' left Port San Vicente at 1250 hours on August 30 with ''Fathomer'' in tow, and the ships arrived at Manila at 1500 hours on September 1, 1936.

Examination of data later suggested that ''Fathomer''s barometric pressure reading at the height of the typhoon, of mercury, was probably the lowest pressure ever recorded in the Philippine Islands up to that time.

Studds wrote
vivid account
of ''Fathomers experience in the typhoon that appeared as an article in the December 1936 edition of the Coast and Geodetic Survey ''Field Engineers Bulletin''. He gave credit to the officers and men of ''Fathomer'' for the ship's survival and the successful salvaging of the ship, but Coast and Geodetic Survey officials credited his oversight of the crew in maintaining the ship and her equipment for her survival of the powerful typhoon.

Later career

Returning to the United States, Studds had various duties in the Washington, D.C., office of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and in 1938 he became assistant chief of the Charts Division. By late 1943 he was still in this position and had reached the rank of commander.

After the conclusion of World War II in 1945, Studds took command of the ocean survey ship USC&GS ''Pathfinder'' (OSS 30), namesake of the earlier USC&GS ''Pathfinder'' he had served aboard in the 1920s. Conducting hydrographic surveys under his command in the waters off the Aleutian Islands, the newer ''Pathfinder'' discovered many seamounts.

Director

Reaching the rank of rear admiral, Studds became the Director, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, in May 1950. He served in this capacity, guiding the Survey through both civilian research and research related to supporting the U.S. armed forces in the Cold War, until he retired in August 1955.

Awards

Department of Commerce Gold Medal

In a ceremony on February 16, 1953 in Washington, D.C., Studds was awarded the Department of Commerce Gold Medal for "outstanding contribution to the public service, the nation, or humanity."

Personal life

Studds was married to the former Margaret Lee Milan. They had three children, John Anthony Studds, Sharon Lee Studds, and Michael Bowman Studds.

Death

Studds died on May 28, 1962. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.

Commemoration

Studds Seamount, located in the North Pacific Ocean at approximately , was named for Studds.

References

External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Studds, Robert Francis Anthony
1896 births
1962 deaths
People from Washington, D.C.
Catholic University of America alumni
American civil engineers
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps admirals
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Department of Commerce Gold Medal
20th-century American engineers